tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54219575987408337782024-03-05T07:54:10.138-08:00Studies in Genesis 1-11Insights and Musings on True Science and HistoryThe Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-54461950338911392732019-07-24T08:17:00.003-07:002019-07-24T08:34:58.964-07:00Creation: The Mirror of God's Triune Glory<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">GOD IS NOT HIDDEN OR SILENT - BUT RATHER, REVEALED!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Over the decades I have spent engaged in creation/evolution apologetics, the single most important thing I </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">have come to appreciate is the absolute centrality of the Christ of Holy
Scripture to this entire sphere. Please indulge me as I share with you some of my favourite quotations with regard to this topic, and try to unpack them for a general readership. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">First, as Dr. Geerhardus Vos wrote in
his famous volume ‘Biblical Theology’:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">‘To take Christ at
all, He must be taken as the centre of a movement of revelation organized
around Him, and winding up the whole process of revelation.’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Of course, this
statement is equally true, whether we are considering <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">special or natural</i> revelation – both of which obviously reveal the
same Creator! So as Prof. Edgar Andrews once put it: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">‘We cannot have a
truly biblical perspective on the cosmos without recognizing the absolute
centrality of Christ.’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Indeed, all divine
revelation is focused upon the person of our Lord Jesus Christ; the revealed knowledge
of God is mediated through him. This is what the Scriptures teach. God is
there, God is Light. And He has spoken with power and finality through His only begotten
Son! And so, human knowledge is only possible because of one particular person,
and one particular being. And the study of being is known in philosophy as
ontology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">To speak of
ontology is to introduce the idea that creation itself possesses a special
language, precisely because it has been created by the Being of the Triune God.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Now one of the
core tenets of postmodernism is summed up by Richard Rorty in the following pithy quotation: ‘The world does not speak.
Only we do.’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Yet t</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">his statement is culpable nonsense, since we know from the Psalmist of
Israel in Psalm 19 that: ‘The heavens declare the glory of God; and the
firmament sheweth his handiwork. Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto
night sheweth knowledge. No speech nor language without their voice heard.
Their rule is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the
world.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">As the 19<sup>th</sup>
century preacher Charles Spurgeon warned: ‘Men who never heard the
gospel can see God in his works if they open their eyes. There is written upon
the face of nature enough to condemn men if they do not turn to God. There is a
gospel of the sea, and of the heavens, of the stars, and of the sun; and if men
will not read it, they are guilty…’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Let’s think about
this point in a little more depth. Romans 1:20 indicates that God’s eternal
power and divinity are understood through the ‘things that are made’. As
philosopher Willard Quine suggests, language and ontology have intimate
connections. His thesis is that the use of a particular language system commits
one to the existence of certain things. If so, a universal language seen and heard
by all (as that of the Triune God in creation itself) should commit one to the
existence of an Absolute Being – i.e. the Triune God. But sin causes such
blindness and deafness that this cannot be admitted! The natural person is truly dead to it. They simply
‘will not have this man [Christ] to rule over them’. As Van Til put it: ‘Absolute
personality implies that all of man’s life is under authority and judgment.
This is the offense of the Trinity.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Dr. Henry Morris
wrote concerning the witness of God in Christ: ‘According to this remarkable
verse [Romans 1:20], there is a clear witness to the God of creation to be seen
in the created cosmos. Thus there is no difference; every man who has ever
lived has been confronted with this testimony of creation to the nature of the
God who made it. Whether or not he ever opens the pages of Holy Scripture, or
whether he believes what he reads therein, he cannot escape confrontation with
the Christ of creation! He is without excuse. But how can this be? “No man hath
seen God at any time” (John 1:18). How is it possible that the ‘invisible
things’ of God can be made visible so that they are ‘clearly seen’? These
“invisible things”, according to Romans 1:20, are summed up in two great
concepts, those of His “eternal power” and His “Godhead”. Or, one might say,
His work and His person. That He is a God of infinite and eternal omnipotence,
one of “eternal power”, is revealed plainly, according to this verse, in the
created universe. Furthermore, His very nature, His “Godhead” is also revealed
in creation. And this means that Christ is revealed in creation, for the very
essence of the Godhead is found in Jesus Christ. “For in him dwelleth all the
fullness of the Godhead bodily”. (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Col</st1:state></st1:place>
2:9). The very Godhead that is clearly revealed in nature by the “things that
are made” (Greek <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">poiēma</i>, the word
from which we transliterate our English word “poem”, thus signifying His
“poetic handiwork”, a word only used elsewhere in Scripture in Ephesians 2:10,
where it is said that we who are redeemed by his grace are similarly His
“workmanship”) is that summed up in all its fullness in the Lord Jesus Christ.
There can therefore be no question that Christ has been revealed in the
creation. He is Himself the Creator (John 1:3, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Col</st1:state></st1:place> 1:16). He now sustains and upholds the
creation by the word of his power (Hebrews 1:3; Colossians 1:17), and He is the
light that “lighteth every man that cometh into the world.” (John 1:9…). It
should be recognized that no man could recognize and receive Christ through
this witness of creation unless the Holy Spirit so draws him.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">ON THE
HOLY TRINITY, COVENANT AND CREATION EVANGELISM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">How is all this
relevant to our apologetics and evangelism? It is only Christ, and the Spirit
of Christ, who gives light – whether that be in the first natural light of
cosmic creation, or in the first spiritual light of somebody’s deceived and darkened heart whom you might speak
to in witness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Survey of Christian Epistemology</i>, among other works, Prof. Cornelius Van Til noted that: ‘God exists as triune. He is therefore
self-complete. Yet he created the world. This world has meaning not in spite
of, but of, the self-completeness of the ontological Trinity. This God is the
foundation of the created universe and therefore is far above it.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Again, he unpacked
this a little more:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">‘The foundation of
the representational principle among men is the fact that the Trinity exists in
the form of a mutually exhaustive representation of the three Persons that
constitute it. The emphasis should be placed upon the idea of exhaustion. This
is important because it brings out the point of the complete equality as far as
ultimacy is concerned of the principle of unity and of diversity. […] Hence the
problem of the one and the many, of the universal and the particular, of being
and becoming, of analytical and synthetic reasoning, of the a priori and the a
posteriori must be solved by an exclusive reference to the Trinity.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">‘The problem of
the one and the many relates to questions about the relationship of change and
stability, chance and determinism, facts and laws, love and logic — which means
that an apologetic which emphasizes the problem of the one and the many
actually has a broad range. It is not at all limited to issues of ultimate metaphysical
import…It was upon this foundation of a truly Trinitarian concept that Calvin
built his conception of covenant theology.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">God is a covenantal Being, who now lives fully and bodily in the man
Christ Jesus. And covenant can be found right at the very beginning of
Scripture. As Van Til further wrote:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">‘Since the whole
being of God, if we may in all reverence say so, is built upon the representational
plan, it was impossible for God to create except upon the representational
plan.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Indeed, Dr.
Nathan Wood explained this back in 1932: </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">‘The fabric of space, matter and time presents a
universal and exact confirmation of that Tri-unity in God. For the one vital and
conclusive proof which the physical universe can give of that Tri-unity is that
the universe should reflect it’… </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">‘…things
in the physical universe happen or take place or exist in three tri-unities, -
space, matter and time, - and in one great tri-unity of those three combined, -
and…these three universal tri-unities, and their combined all-inclusive
tri-unity, are the absolute image in every possible way of the supreme Tri-unity
of Father, Son and Holy Spirit.’</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">This representational plan is even discernable in the first chapter of the Bible, if one looks closely! </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">It is very subtle,
but it is indeed there! As I wrote elsewhere: ‘…from Genesis 1:3-2:3 there
follows a series of royal words, royal works and royal seals. Note then that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">who God is in eternity is reflected by how
he acts in creation</i>. Martin Luther wrote of this pattern:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">“These <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">three expressions</i> therefore, ‘said,’
‘made,’ ‘saw;’ are spoken by Moses, in a beautiful and appropriate manner, as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">attributively</i> to the THREE DIVINE
Persons: that we might, by these <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">three
expressions</i>, the more distinctly understand that great <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Article</i> of faith, the Holy Trinity!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">There are
precisely <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nine</i> commands introduced by
the expression “and God said…” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wayyomer
elohim)</i>. This fact is noted by Jordan: “The refrain “and God said” occurs
nine times in the passage” together
with Hebrew scholar Jacques Doukhan: “…each creation work…[a total of] nine…is
introduced by the same stylistic expression… [the] …imperfect verb <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wayyomer</i>”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">As Jordan highlights
in his book ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Creation in Six Days</i>’,
these nine refrains are wonderfully arranged in a Hebrew literary device known
as a chiasmus:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">“Genesis 1 is not
concerned only with structuring and filling, but also with light. […]
…Genesis 1 is…a full chiasm. The passage is focused on the idea of day/light,
with each day moving from evening to morning, so that the work of each day is
an expansion of God’s original work of light-bringing.…”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Note well that
‘…the final Word from God “Behold, I have given you…” relates to humans viewing
God’s exhaustive pre-temporal Self-Image in the light of a Christophany (cf.
Proverbs 8:31). Thus…we move, organically, from the Spirit of Christ in verse
3, towards the embodied Christ in Eden, visibly <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">robed in the first light</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">of
creation </i>(verse 29).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">So the Christ of
the Covenants is Christ the Creator! He is the Logos! He is the Divine
Rationality – both Creator and Redeemer. Jeremiah 33:20-21 is especially
significant:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">“Thus saith the
LORD; if ye can break my covenant of the day, and my covenant of the night, and
that there should not be day and night in their season; then may also my
covenant be broken with David my servant, that he should not have a son to
reign upon his throne…”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">As Robertson
highlights: “An argument basically of the same construction appears in Jeremiah
31:35f.:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Thus says the
Lord,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Who gives the sun
for light by day,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">And the fixed
order of the moon and the stars for light by night,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">If this fixed
order departs from before me, declares the Lord, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Then the offspring
of Israel also shall cease,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">From being a
nation before me forever.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Robertson argues
convincingly that this cannot refer to God’s covenant with Noah in Genesis 8:22
because: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">“…the reference to
the sun and moon specifically as light-bearers for day and night is found in
the creation narrative but not in the narrative describing God’s covenant with
Noah. Furthermore, the narrative of the creation-activity of the third day
[sic] refers to the stars as well as to the moon (Gen. 1:16), as does Jeremiah
31:35. The record of God’s covenant with Noah makes no mention of the stars.
For these reasons, it seems likely that Jeremiah 31 alludes to the Genesis
narrative of creation rather than to the establishment of God’s covenant with
Noah. […] Because of the closeness of the parallelism of the two chapters, it
would seem that Jeremiah 33, which uses the term “covenant,” also refers to the
creational orderings of Genesis 1. If this is the case, then the term
“covenant” would be applied to the orderings of creation.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">J.V. Fesko agrees with
this application, further pointing out: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">“Nowhere in
Genesis 1 does the reader have any indication that God has established a
covenant with the day and night, yet Jeremiah clearly states this is the case.
When God creates, it is covenantal.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Upon verses 20-21
of Jeremiah 33, the famous commentator Matthew Henry remarked: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">“There
is a covenant of nature, by which the common course of providence is settled,
and on which it is founded, here called a covenant of the day and the night,
(v. 20, 25.) because that is one of the articles of it - that there shall be
day and night in their season, according to the distinction put between them in
the creation, when God divided between the light and the darkness, and
established their mutual succession, and a government to each, that the sun
should rule by day, and the moon and stars by night… - which establishment was
renewed after the </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">flood…and has
continued ever since….”</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Creation <i>in covenant</i> also sheds light on why,
when Adam and Eve fell into sin, the <i>whole
creation</i> was subject to the bondage of corruption and death (Romans 8:22),
rather than just Adam and Eve <i>themselves</i>. Furthermore, since Christ has a
covenant with creation, as Golding points out: “…it means that covenant grace
includes the created order, which makes it unthinkable that the faithful
creator will drop the temporarily cursed earth from his covenant purpose…”. To be sure, then, the entire creation (having been subject to futility
through Adam’s disobedience) will one day be completely renewed and glorified
through Christ’s obedience (cf. Revelation 22).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">OUR APPLICATION TO SCIENCE AND FAITH ISSUES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">How should we use
this knowledge as Christians? Immanuel Kant asked the question: “Under what
conditions is it possible, or what would also need to be true in order for it to
be possible, to make sense of one’s experience of the world? The only answer,
according to Van Til, is that Christianity MUST be true! The ontological
Trinity is there, and He is not silent! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">As Thomas Brooks wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">‘What are the
heavens, the earth, the sea, but a sheet of royal paper, written all over with
the wisdom and power of God?’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The mathematical physicist
Stephen Hawking once asked: ‘What breathes fire into the equations?’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">We may be fully
and courageously confident in the Christian answer: ‘Christ does!’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small;"><b>References (alphabetical):</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US">Doukhan</span><span lang="EN-US">, J. B. (2004). The Genesis creation story: Text, issues, and truth. <i>Origins,</i> 55, p.16.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fesko, J.V. (2007). <i>Last Things First: Unlocking Genesis 1-3 with the Christ of Eschatology</i>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Ross-shire</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Scotland</st1:country-region></st1:place>: Christian Focus Publications, p.82.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Golding (2004). <i>Covenant Theology: The Key of Theology in Reformed Thought and Tradition</i>. <st1:country-region w:st="on">Scotland</st1:country-region>: (<st1:city w:st="on">Mentor</st1:city>) Christian Focus Publications, p.193.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Henry,
M. (1890). <i>A Commentary on the Holy Bible</i>,
Volume IV, <st1:state w:st="on">New York</st1:state> and <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>: Funk and Wagnalls Company, p.1009. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><st1:place w:st="on">Jordan</st1:place>, J.B. (1999). <i>Creation in Six Days: A Defense of the Traditional <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Reading</st1:place></st1:city> of Genesis One</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Moscow</st1:city>: Canon Press, p.221.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><st1:place w:st="on">Jordan</st1:place>, J.B. (1999). Op. cit. p.175.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><st1:place w:st="on">Jordan</st1:place>, J.B. (1999). Op. cit. p.215-16.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Luther,
M. (1544). Translated by Cole, H. (1858). <i>The
Creation: A Commentary on the First Five Chapters of the Book of Genesis</i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Hamilton, Adams
and Company. p.74.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Robertson, O.P. (1980). </span><i style="font-size: small;">The Christ of the Covenants</i><span style="font-size: x-small;">. </span><st1:place style="font-size: small;" w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Phillipsburg</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">New
Jersey</st1:state></st1:place><span style="font-size: x-small;">: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company,
p.20-21.</span><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Van Til, C. (1946). Nature and Scripture. <b>In</b>: The Infallible Word: A Symposium. <st1:city w:st="on">Philadelphia</st1:city>: Presbyterian Guardian Publishing Corporation. Online PDF available at: [WWW]</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">http://www.wtsbooks.com/common/pdf_links/Nature%20And%20Scripture%20by%20Van%20Til.pdf</span>The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-18843306595315991082019-02-26T13:10:00.000-08:002019-02-26T13:10:14.315-08:00Archaeology and the paradigm shift from Antiquity to Deep Time<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Half a century
ago, man’s past was supposed to include less than six thousand years; now the
story is seen to stretch back hundreds of thousands of years.” So wrote the
early 20<sup>th</sup> century historian James Robinson about a perceived ‘paradigm
shift’ in universal history and archaeology. A ‘paradigm’ is an explanatory
framework that makes sense of a given set of observations, and that is founded
upon certain basic assumptions. This
article has three main objectives:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">To describe
the paradigm behind early-phase archaeology</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">To explain
the 19<sup>th</sup>-20<sup>th</sup> century shift in western historical tradition
</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">To critically
evaluate the dominant 21<sup>st</sup> century paradigm</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
THE DAWN OF EUROPEAN ARCHAEOLOGY</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Archaeology has
been a popular pastime among art collectors for many thousands of years, but it
was not until the 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries that a standard
scientific methodology was developed in <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>.
The archaeologist of today is a historian who is not limited to the written
word but goes further and carefully digs out evidence of the remains and relics
of ancient peoples to prepare them for scientific publication.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The early 16<sup>th</sup>
century saw a resurgence of interest arise in ancient artefacts and manuscripts
as part of the wider European Renaissance and Reformation. The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Vatican</st1:country-region></st1:place>
began collecting artefacts in AD 1505, whilst antiquaries such as John Leland
and William Camden began surveying megalithic monuments for publication. Historians
of the age based their conclusions regarding the human past upon a significant
corpus of over one thousand texts written by approximately eighty authors from
classical and ancient times. These included authorities such as Pliny and Isidore
of Seville. Others were geographers, for example Pomponius Mela and
Ptolemy, whose knowledge of ancient place names could be used to discover the founding
ancestors of cities. Still others were focused upon recounting historical
events to as far remote (in some cases) as 2100 BC. These included early
historians such as Livy, Plutarch, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Berosus, Diodorus
Siculus, Sanchoniathon, Appian, Herodotus, Sallust, Josephus,<i> </i>Eusebius,
Valerius Maximus and Rufus. All these well respected authorities took centre-stage
within a long-established academic tradition, together with one special source
– the Judeo-Christian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tanakh</i> (Old
Testament) – widely regarded as sacred. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Smail, 2008 and Stringer, 2006). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Geologically, the
paradigm of early historians and archaeologists included a universal cataclysm
which had destroyed almost all traces of world civilization at some point in
the mid-third millennium B.C. Historically, since then, there had been five
distinct ages within recorded memory. The Greek scholar Hesiod classified these
‘ages’ under the headings: golden (~2600 – 1680 B.C.), silver (~1680 – 1350
B.C.), bronze (~1350 – 1130 B.C.), heroic (~1130 – 810 B.C.) and iron (~810
B.C. onwards). Sociologically and biogeographically, the paradigm incorporated a
West-Asian radiation model of just one patristic people group from the hills of
south-eastern <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Turkey</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
This diffusionist model presented the rapid stratification of surviving
humanity by cultural elites (chosen monarchs) distinguished via their birthrights
and territorial inheritance from the earliest period of their burgeoning civilizations.
These elites acted as the privileged repositories, guardians and purveyors of
knowledge, skills, resources and social justice. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The validity of
such manuscripts formed the basic assumption of the earliest paradigm and
although primarily a monastic European phenomenon, it was by no means <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exclusively</i> so. The written past held
real authority across international boundaries<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>Yet between the years 1500-1700 overly critical methods of
analysis (a humanistic genre which Grafton (2012) terms the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ars Historica</i>) severely undermined their
authority.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
BACKGROUND TO THE SHIFT</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first rumblings
of discontent with the early-phase paradigm can be traced back to the early 16<sup>th</sup>
century in the writings of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Girolamo
Fracastoro (1483-1553). Within his notebooks of 1508-1518, Leonardo abandoned many
authoritative accounts of a cataclysmic flood when instead he jotted regarding
seashells found at high altitude: “Since <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">things</i>
are far more ancient than <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">letters</i>, it
is not to be wondered at if in our days there exists no record of how the
aforesaid seas extended over so many countries” [emphasis mine]. The adequacy
of past written records was again radically challenged at a chronological level
with the publication of a text called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New
Work of Correcting Chronology</i> by Joseph Scaliger in 1583. His terse
criticism seriously undermined former universal histories: “See what happens
when authority is preferred to truth; everyone who reads this thinks it must be
true, since it comes from Eusebius” he fumed. A controversial antiquarian named
Giovanni Nanni suffered even greater castigation from Scaliger’s quill; yet in
reality Scaliger was just one ‘cog’ within a larger continental ‘machine’ of humanists
discontented with Moses (c.f. Powell, 2012). Throughout the next three
centuries many fields underwent a paradigm shift just as radical as in
chronology. In geo-theory for instance, building upon the pioneering work of
Nicolaus Steno, later catastrophist theorists such as George Cuvier and William
Buckland began to dissociate earth history from human history by advocating multiple
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">localised</i> catastrophes followed by
successive acts of creation. Human beings, it was argued, were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">only present</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">during the last</i> of these diluvian upheavals – whereas the fossilised
remains of various extinct mammals found unassociated with any tools indicated <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">they</i> must be from an ‘antediluvian age’
significantly <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">older</i> than humans. Unwittingly,
these catastrophists had introduced a ‘fudge factor’ which archaeology would
soon explode. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The biblical ‘West-Asian
radiation’ model of human universal history only faced direct criticism,
however, when the paradigm crisis in geo-theory had matured. An early sign of
disquiet occurred in the year 1655, when Sir William Dugdale in his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of Warwickshire</i> reiterated
Michele Mercati’s argument that shaped flints were “weapons used…before the art
of making arms of brass or iron was known”. This simplistic association of time
period with ‘cognitive sophistication’ introduced the radical and enduring notion
of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">stone age</i>. This novelty completely
up-ended the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">golden age</i> of humanity
recounted by Hesiod and others, which presumed cognitive stasis (even
degeneration) in human intellect over time. Within a century, even the greatest
authorities were downtrodden in the name of ‘progress’. Jean Astruc’s 1753
treatise on the first book of the Torah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B’resheet</i>)
marked the beginning of higher critical methodology as applied to the
Judeo-Christian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tanakh</i>. The crisis
had finally reached hallowed ground and the special place afforded to humankind
was fast evaporating.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
THE TIPPING POINT IN <st1:place w:st="on">EUROPE</st1:place></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Serious signs that
the crisis was boiling over began in the year 1797 with an unorthodox study of the
stone ‘hand-axe’ cache of Hoxne in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Suffolk</st1:place></st1:city> by
John Frere. He went so far as to suggest that the cache might be significantly
older than six thousand years. Similar thoughts were soon entertained by the Danish
historian Vedel-Simonsen. In 1813 he claimed that Scandinavian civilization
could be divided <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">successively</i> into an
age of stone and wood, then an age of copper and finally an age of iron. By
1820 this ‘prehistoric’ scheme was already being used to arrange museum
collections in <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place> and by 1825 a Catholic
priest named John MacEnery was empirically challenging Buckland’s dogged
insistence that extinct mammal remains were never to be found associated with
human tools. Maintaining a recent West-Asian radiation model began to look increasingly
fraught with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad hoc</i> explanations.
Buckland’s ‘fudge factor’ had failed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This crisis reached
a critical point in the year 1859. Further interpretations of axes from the river
gravels of the Somme, near Abbeville in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">France</st1:place></st1:country-region>, had allowed British
luminaries to correlate these axes with faunal content and geological strata.
Striking whilst the iron was hot, Joseph Prestwich presented a paper to the
Royal Society and John Evans introduced ‘deep history’ to the Society of
Antiquaries (Renfrew, 1976 pg. 23). Their argument for the great antiquity of
humans was accepted almost immediately by the British establishment. This had
profound ramifications for all subsequent research. As Stringer (2006:18) notes
in a tone of jubilation: “The year 1859 was…critical for our understanding of
human prehistory. Despite a few waverers and doubters, the tide finally turned
in favour of the concept of humans as part of an ancient world inhabited by
distinct and extinct faunas, and the floodgates were opening”. At least two
weighty tomes, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Geological Evidences of
the Antiquity of Man</i> (1863) by Charles Lyell together with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prehistoric Times</i> (1865) by the
archaeologist John Lubbock, quickly added nails to the coffin. A slew of
archaeological publications founded upon the inherently racist assumptions of
social Darwinism followed, so as to swamp serious opposition with empirical
examples of ‘lesser stone-age intellect’ among so-called ‘foreign savages’. There
was no turning back.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
TWEAKS AND REFINEMENTS</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>True to Thomas Kuhn’s
(1962) tenets, however, the paradigm shift of mid-19<sup>th</sup> century archaeology
still needed to build momentum before it could <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dominate</i> both the intellectual <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and</i>
popular landscape. In 1856, Johann Fuhlrott found the bones of what became <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Homo neanderthalensis</i> in a cave in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
Neanderthal people were soon portrayed as dull, hairy, lumbering hunch-backs in
the popular press. Later that same century, archaeologists challenged the
assumption of Louis Agassiz that there had been just one major ice age. In 1909,
Eduard Bruckner and Albrecht Penck set out to show (from glacial mounds of
debris) that there had been four distinct ice-ages in the <st1:place w:st="on">Alps</st1:place>.
This idea was superseded by a more complex model of over 20 cycles of ice sheet
advances followed by interglacials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Minor
tweaks to the new orthodoxy became a preoccupation of the career-motivated,
whereas dissenters lost tenure or were simply ignored. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A second minor paradigm
refinement spanning the 19-20<sup>th</sup> centuries was the extension and
further sub-division of the stone age, initially into two periods: old stone
age (palaeolithic) and new stone age (neolithic). The old stone age was once again
subdivided into lower, middle and upper periods, the former of which was
occupied by early tool-makers millions of years old. Radiocarbon dating, meanwhile,
became popular in the 1950’s and gradually led to an isolationist model of
cultural origins replacing the biblical (diffusionist) West-Asian radiation
model. Then during the 1960s, some of the first tool-makers were tentatively identified
with African fossils (from the Olduvai Gorge in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Tanzania</st1:country-region></st1:place>) named <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Homo habilis</i> (handyman) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Homo erectus</i> (upright-man) by Louis and Mary
Leakey. Other stone tools such as axes, picks, scrapers, points and flat-edged
cleavers were also found in Africa, <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region>
and the <st1:place w:st="on">Near East</st1:place>. These were duly classified
into different technological ‘industries’ evolving over hundreds of thousands
of years, the empirical evidence being unashamedly manipulated, without fail,
into the new ideological framework of deep history. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In more recent
decades, genetic evidences from Allan Wilson and others have appeared to
support the ‘recent single origin’ or ‘out of <st1:place w:st="on">Africa</st1:place>’
hypothesis. This claims that all humans are descended from a single ancestor
who lived 100,000 years ago (Oppenheimer, 2004). This is now providing the
context for a lively debate about the rise of modern humans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And so, leaving “prehistory” behind we arrive
at the dawn of written history proper with the protoliterate period of
Mesopotamia (3750-2900 B.C.) and the dynastic period of Egypt, usually dated
3100 BC in the Early Bronze Age I. Here ancient history may legitimately take
up the tale. Or so we are “reliably informed”!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CRITICALLY EVALUATING THE CURRENT PARADIGM</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many lines of
criticism could be levelled at the current paradigm of deep history. Our
approach will be to examine just some of the more glaring problems, at the same
time showing how they might be better explained through the lens of the
original catastrophist paradigm. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
GLOBAL SIGNS OF AN ANCESTRAL KOINE</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let us begin, then,
by revisiting the first expressions of dissatisfaction with the original
paradigm as articulated by Da Vinci. He jotted down that seashells found at
high altitude were far more ancient than any written record of an extinction
level event <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">large enough</i> to deposit
them at such elevation. He also assumed, in the early 16<sup>th</sup> century,
that there wasn’t one such record in existence. Yet in this assumption he was quite
mistaken, for laying aside Aristotle’s rare ‘winter flood’ (or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kataklysmos</i>) in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Meteorologica</i>, since Leonardo’s day many such accounts have now been
excavated from ancient royal libraries. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cuneiform tablets from ancient Mesopotamia, including tablet
3 of the Epic of Atrahasis, tablet 11 of the Epic of Gilgamesh and fragment CBM
13532 from the Temple Library at Nippur all record such a universal cataclysm
in remarkable detail (c.f. Cooper, 2011, Chen, 2013, Finkel, 2014). The Egyptian
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Book of the Dead of Anhai</i>, together
with Pyramid texts, Coffin texts and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Papyrus
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Leiden</st1:place></st1:city> 1350</i>
record the same event under the rubric of the Hermopolitan ‘cosmogony’ (far better
understood as a ‘rupture’ and re-population story).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This ‘cosmogony’ – actually
the account of a sacred twin-peaked hill upon which human life was reborn with
an ogdoad (or octuplet) of ancestors – could constitute part of a codified
“cultural <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koine</i>”, what Marinatos
(2010) defines as an international “vocabulary of sacredness, most of which
revolved around the sun”.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These sacred ‘twin-peaks’ appear variously expressed on Egyptian
temples, Minoan cylinder seals, tablets, ring impressions and even Babylonian/Akkadian
artefacts. Such a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koine</i> may extend as
far as India and beyond, where in the Hindu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rig
Veda</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Atharva Veda</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Satpatha Brahmana</i> we find written reference
to a cataclysm survivor named Manu, together with seven other ‘ancestral sages’.
Hundreds of similar accounts are now known globally. In this respect, modern
archaeology has substantially corroborated the original paradigm it once operated
under, leaving the current paradigm to flounder in culpable silence. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another way in which the authority of the
past has risen phoenix-like from the ashes is that former claims from antiquarians
such as Eusebius and Nanni (neglected since Scaliger and others cast them all in
such doubt) are also being substantially corroborated. For instance, ancient
long distance trade networks known from these traditions were once considered
fabulous. Since 1982, however, the varied cargo of the ship-wreck of Uluburun has
proven them perfectly reasonable (as have discoveries like the exotic obsidian
and amber minerals found at the Jōmon site of Sannai-maruyama in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>). Who
knows? It is quite possible that neglected accounts spanning the five historic ages
of Hesiod may yet precipitate <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">further</i>
remarkable finds, akin to the discovery of Homer’s <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Troy</st1:city></st1:place> by euhemerists Calvert and Schliemann in
the 19<sup>th</sup> century. The tomb of Sesōstris (the Egyptian Hercules) is
one possible avenue of further research. Roman historians such as Pliny believed
it to have been built by his famous army upon a circular river island near the
city of <st1:city w:st="on">Lixus</st1:city> in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Morocco</st1:country-region></st1:place>. Is it mere coincidence
then that the largest megalithic stone circle in the world (~1350 B.C.), built
in the European style, now stands landlocked just 10 kilometres upriver from
Lixus? (c.f. Mavor, 1976:89-122). Ancient records read in the light of 21<sup>st</sup>
century field studies are revealing an accuracy hitherto thought impossible by
the challengers of the early paradigm. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A STONE AGE TURNING TO SAND</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Questions must also
be raised over the validity of Mercati and Dugdale’s association of human worked
stones with a ‘stone age’ of inchoative hominid intelligence. Obviously, stone
is inferior to many materials sourced by humans. However new evidence should
give us pause. It is well known, for example, that whilst excavating a trench
in Africa, Mary Leakey discovered a circle of stones in Bed 1 of the site
Douglas Korongo (DK), at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Olduvai Gorge</st1:city>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Tanzania</st1:country-region></st1:place>. It is
less well known that she connected this discovery with the Okombambi people of <st1:place w:st="on">South West Africa</st1:place>, who today build circular shelters of
wooden branches by using similar stone walls to hold branches in place (Leakey,
1971:xiii). This was embarrassing because Bed 1 of site DK seemed occupied
around 1.75 million years ago – far too early for the paradigm to accommodate modern
behaviour! The evidence was consistent with a hut foundation-wall probably
built during the Early Bronze IV or even later. Given a lot of head scratching
and perspiration it was duly reinterpreted as a natural formation incorporating
some bedrock. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet empirical flack
remains which the new paradigm cannot hope to absorb, even if we consider a supposedly
later campsite such as that found at Bilzingsleben in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Thuringia</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region></st1:place>
(Mania et al. 1994). This site, dated to 400,000 before present, was found to
contain one circular and two oval concentrations of artefacts, together with
large stones and bones which could have been used to build walls. Is it reasonable
that humans from the ‘lower old stone-age’, capable of making fire through
friction, designing symmetrical tents and carving stone figurines of the
goddess Venus, spent some 380,000 years just learning to link stone conurbations
into larger cities? Given equal cognitive and aesthetic sophistication apparent
in both archaic and modern humans, would not a global maritime civilization
have arisen as early as 375,000 years ago within such a scenario? Clearly aware
that ‘the Emperor has no clothes’, archaeologists usually fall back on the nebulous
argument that climate change, disease, tectonic activity or famine must have
retarded the rise of large permanent dwellings for over a million years. Yet
what justification is there for this explanation? In short, none at all. If we
set <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Homo erectus</i> (better understood
as recent, culturally-isolated aborigines) within the context of their external
conditions as navigating pioneers relying on a subsistence-economy, the
original paradigm of a West-Asian radiation event in the Early Bronze III
appears far more realistic.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The current
paradigm is equally threadbare when one considers stone tool ‘industries’. Returning
to Mary Leakey’s faux pas, we find her admitting of the <st1:placename w:st="on">Kanapoi</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">Valley</st1:placetype> in Northern Kenya: “…the
occurrence of an industry restricted to heavy duty tools of <st1:place w:st="on">Lower
Palaeolithic</st1:place> facies associated with pottery and hut circles, is an
anomaly hard to explain. It may be noted, however, that a crude form of stone
chopper is used in the present time by the more remote Turkana tribesmen in
order to break open the nuts of the doum palm” (Leakey, 1966:581). The following
observation of Hartwig-Scherer (1991) is most cogent: “There is growing
discussion about the extent to which the type of stone tool depends on external
conditions… rather than an evolutionary process or the intelligence of the
manufacturer. This also accords with studies of peoples today that have stone
cultures: Palaeolithic work places can easily be compared with counterparts
today, such as in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
The type of tool does not allow one to draw conclusions about the
manufacturer’s mental capacity.” Stone tools are indeed used <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">today</i> by isolated tribes in the
highlands of <st1:country-region w:st="on">New Guinea</st1:country-region> and
in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Paraguay</st1:country-region>, <st1:place w:st="on">South America</st1:place>. They look remarkably similar to their
‘Acheulean’ counterparts. Therefore the simplistic association of time period
with cognitive capacity in tool manufacture has failed spectacularly!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1984, Eileen
O’Brien noted that large concentrations of hand-axes were to be found in many European
river gravels and ancient dry lakes, often associated with exotic mammal bones.
Others were found embedded in the earth <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in
situ</i> (point first). This seemed consistent with a hunting-projectile function,
perhaps used to distance-kill semi-aquatic fauna such as hippos. Given the
investment of time and skill used to work these stones, losing them underwater
seemed the best explanation for why such high concentrations were to be found in
localised areas. To test this hunting hypothesis, O’Brien had a 2 kilogram precision
replica made of a larger specimen. Its aerodynamic properties were examined via
professional discus throwers. Statistically, she discovered that when thrown its
aerodynamic properties enabled it to land edge-first 90% of the time and
point-first 70% of the time, leaving behind deep lesions in the soil. Samson
(2006) has since enlarged O’Brien’s dataset and corroborated these results, as
has perhaps the rare discovery of a broken Levallois point found deeply
embedded in the backbone of a wild ass (Boëda et al. 1999). Such a discovery is
consistent with a heavy, high inertia projectile possessing well over 100
joules of impact energy, striking from a parabolic (thrown) trajectory. Considering
external conditions, perhaps vast mobile maritime armies of the mid-second
millennium B.C. manufactured such weapons from stone since metal ore mining
could not cope with their huge demand.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even more
remarkable has been the discovery of at least 30 of these stone axes at nine
different locations along the coast of Crete – prime territory for a lost civilization
led by Jupiter Ammon (Strasser et al. 2010, Menzies, 2012). Revealing an obtuse
attitude towards the early paradigm, <st1:placename w:st="on">Boston</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> archaeologist Curtis Runnels
expressed shock: “I was flabbergasted, the idea of finding tools from this very
early time period on <st1:place w:st="on">Crete</st1:place> was about as
believable as finding an iPod in King Tut’s tomb”. The extent of cognitive
dissonance generated by such ‘very early’ tools on <st1:place w:st="on">Crete</st1:place>
is seen in these axes apparently dating to just 130,000 years before present. Were
they found only 200 miles away on the continental mainland, we would venture a
date almost ten times that age - yet sophisticated watercraft required to reach
<st1:place w:st="on">Crete</st1:place> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cannot</i>
be admitted this early! Even so, consternation must stem from the vast gap of
125,000 years between these international mariners and their Bronze Age Egyptian,
European, Phoenician and Mesopotamian descendants. Moreover, one of the
earliest dugout pine-log canoes, found in <st1:city w:st="on">Holland</st1:city>,
dates to only 8200 B.C. Consistent with the external condition of a lack of
wood, petroglyphs (stone paintings) and cuneiform tablets record the earliest
watercraft of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> and <st1:place w:st="on">Mesopotamia</st1:place> as large complex reed-ships. Realistically,
these ancient works of maritime artistry date to the Early Bronze IV period
(2200 BC) - not much earlier. Therefore it is patently absurd to suggest that
humans capable of art (such as Neanderthals) were navigating oceans for 125,000
years (25 times the length of recorded history) without leaving any discernible
evidence. Within no more than 5,000 years, such evidently cultured and capable ocean
mariners would have <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">undoubtedly</i> mapped
the currents, explored the entire globe, left ample artwork and built vast stone
cities comparable to <st1:city w:st="on">Thebes</st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on">Argos</st1:city>
and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city></st1:place>!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
UNSPINNING THE NEW FAMILY FLINTSTONES</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Considering
Neanderthals further to emphasise the extent of this Cretan nightmare, we note
that their earlier image as hairy beasts has been transformed so they are now thought
of as either humans of great longevity (as found in the Genesis genealogies) or
essentially modern humans physiologically adapted to a cold environment. Evidence
suggests they ceremonially buried their dead, painted their cave dwellings with
considerable talent and also offered flowers as grave offerings. Far more consistent
with a global West-Asian radiation event in the Early Bronze III, Trinkaus and
Shipman (1993:412) note that the Neanderthals had: “…to the best of our
knowledge – the capacity to perform any act normally within the ability of a
modern human…[whereas] their bulky trunks and relatively short limbs and digits
are designed for conserving metabolic heat in near-arctic conditions”. This perhaps
reflects recent archaeological evidence which would place them in caves as far
north as the western Ural Mountains near the <st1:place w:st="on">Arctic Circle</st1:place>.
As radiating pioneers braving harsh northern climes with cognitive equality to
21<sup>st</sup> century humans, Neanderthals can be correctly located within a
more recent historical context. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CONCLUSIONS</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Merely by focusing
upon a few of the most obvious problems within the current paradigm of archaeology
in literary-essay style, we have found the whole ramshackle edifice unfit to
remain standing much longer. Exciting prospects are therefore on the horizon,
since once a paradigm crisis brings about a shift in academia, whole new vistas
open up for a subsequent generation to explore and develop in detail. The
future of archaeology is bright because it’s highly unlikely the darkness of
deep history will overshadow empirical evidence forever. Nevertheless, if you
are reading this article thinking that the evolutionary paradigm is far
superior, then borrowing a few words from T.S. Eliot, we hope that at the end
of all your exploring you will have arrived, full circle, where you started - and
“know the place for the first time”. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">References: <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Boëda E., Geneste J.M., Griggo C., Mercier N.,
Muhesen S., Reyss J.L., Taha A. & Valladas H. (1999). </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A Levallois point embedded
in the vertebra of a wild ass (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equus
africanus</i>): Hafting, projectiles and Mousterian hunting.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Antiquity</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">73</b>:394–402.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Chen,
Y.S. (2013). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Primeval Flood Catastrophe:
Origins and Early Development in Mesopotamian Traditions</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city>:
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Oxford</st1:place></st1:city> U.P.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cooper, B. (2011). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Authenticity of the Book of Genesis</i>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>: Creation Science Movement.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finkel, <st1:place w:st="on">I.</st1:place> (2014). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state></st1:place>
Before Noah: Decoding the Story of the Flood</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>:
Hodder and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Stoughton</st1:place></st1:city>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Grafton, A. (2012). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What
Was History?: The Art of History in Early Modern <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place></i>.
<st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city>: <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:place></st1:city>
U.P.<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hartwig-Scherer, S. (1991). Paläanthropologie und
Archäologie des Paläolithikums. In S. Scherer (ed.), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Die Suche nach <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Eden</st1:city><span style="font-style: normal;">, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region></span></st1:place><span style="font-style: normal;">: Neuhausen.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white;">Kuhn, T. S. (1962). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</i>.
<st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>: The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Chicago</st1:placename></st1:place>
Press. ISBN: 0226458040.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white;">Leakey, M.D. (1966). Primitive
Artifacts from <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Kanapoi</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">Valley</st1:placetype></st1:place>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Nature</span></em> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">5062</b>:581.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white;">Leakey, M.D. (1971). <st1:place w:st="on"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Olduvai Gorge</i></st1:place>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Volume 3</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city>:
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:place></st1:city> U.P.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mania, D. Mania, U. and Vlcek, E. (1994). Latest finds of
skull remains of Homo erectus from Bilzingsleben (<st1:place w:st="on">Thuringia</st1:place>).
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Naturwissenschaften</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">81</b>:123-127.<span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Marinatos, N. (2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Minoan
Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Urbana</st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on">Chicago</st1:city> and <st1:city w:st="on">Springfield</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Illinois</st1:placename></st1:place> Press.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mavor, J. (1976). The Riddle of Mezorah. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt</i>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Graz</i></st1:city></st1:place>;
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Almogaren</i>, Volume VII. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Menzies, G. (2011). <i>The Lost Empire of Atlantis:
History’s Greatest Mystery Revealed</i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Swordfish.<span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white;">O’Brien, E. (1984). ‘What Was
the Acheulean Hand Ax?’,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Natural History</span></em>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">July</b>:20-23.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Oppenheimer, S. (2004). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Out
of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Eden</st1:city></st1:place></i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Constable and
Robinson Ltd.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Powell, J. (2012). Ancient History Revisited. [WWW] </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
http://gen-e-sisone.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/ancient-history-revisited.html
(Accessed 22/04/15). <span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Renfrew, C. (1976). <i>Before Civilization</i>. Middlesex:
Penguin Books Ltd.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Smail, D.L. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On
Deep History and the Brain</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Berkeley</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">California</st1:placename></st1:place> Press.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Strasser et al. (2010). Stone Age Seafaring in the
Mediterranean, Plakias Region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Habitation
of Crete, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hesperia</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">79</b>:145-190</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Stringer, C. (2006). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Homo
Britannicus: The Incredible Story of Human Life in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Britain</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Pelican Books.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Trinkaus, E. and Shipman, P. (1993). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Neanderthals: Changing the Image of Mankind</i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Pimlico.</div>
<br />The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-17859216308657187082017-02-14T08:49:00.000-08:002017-02-14T09:31:40.359-08:00Creation or Evolution: Do we Have to Choose? Book Review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Creation or
Evolution: Do we have to choose? </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Edition: Revised
and Expanded. £14.99. (2014).</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ISBN: 9780857215789.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Author: Denis
Alexander</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reviewed by J.
Charles Lee Powell</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="encycheading"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>During three addresses at the International Fellowship of Evangelical
Students’ Conference in 1971, the well known evangelical Dr Martyn Lloyd-Jones soberly
warned hearers of a number of subtle yet serious shifts in commitment to the
biblical gospel which were causing him (and other evangelicals) deep concern.
The volume under scrutiny in this review, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Creation
or Evolution</i>, is simply a number of these terribly dangerous shifts
repackaged in a slick presentation – written in a very readable style – yet now
representing, even more so than it did back in 1971, a “radical” departure “from
the true position of the evangelical” (Lloyd-Jones, 1992)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="encycheading">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="encycheading"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The purpose of this review is not to exhaustively critique Dr
Alexander’s work in earnestly contending for the historic evangelical faith. Much
superb and detailed rebuttal of the first edition has already been provided by a
compilation of authors edited by Professor Norman Nevin and also by David
Anderson in his valuable little book ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Creation
or Evolution: why we must choose</i>’ (together with a review posted online) (</span>Nevin,
(2009) and Anderson, (2009))<span class="encycheading">. Rather, this briefer assessment
will focus on just a few select claims which are fairly representative of the
quality and/or veracity of the expanded edition as a whole. This is not
intended as some trite ‘points scoring’ exercise, but simply as a reflective warning
to readers that ‘nothing significant has changed’ in this second edition; it
remains utterly unacceptable to the true evangelical believer in God’s Holy Word</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="encycheading">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="encycheading"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One of the first disturbing claims occurs rather abruptly in chapter 2,
on page 48, where we are confidently informed that Scripture is silent about
the ‘miraculous aspect’ of God’s creative activity. This same claim crops up
again in chapter 8 - on page 221-222 where it is argued that attributing
miracles to Genesis 1 is going beyond what the text actually says. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yet</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">is
it not written in Scripture </i>(Psalm 33): “</span>By the word of the LORD
were the heavens made […] let all the inhabitants of the world stand in awe of
him […] For he spake, and it was…; he commanded, and it stood fast”? Who else
but God can create mass-energy instantaneously merely by speaking? Therefore to
assert that the Scriptures are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">silent</i>
on the fact of miraculous creation is an extraordinary oversight. As the American
evangelical R.B. Kuiper once ironically commented to hammer home this point:
“The creation of heaven and earth was a miracle. It is flatly denied. The
theory of evolution is substituted… So the Bible begins with a lie. But that is
a bad beginning. A book that starts with a lie is quite sure to contain lots of
them” (Kuiper, 1919 and 2010).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A second claim
occurs in Chapter 4, pages 90-91, where we are told that genetic code
‘redundancy’ (in the triplet codon to amino acid mapping) means that in many
instances it makes no difference to a protein if a mutation substitutes certain
nucleotides for others (i.e. the code is ‘degenerate’ as we’ve all been taught).
However, a paper published soon after Dr Alexander’s expanded edition was
released may compel him to think again. Writing in the journal ‘Frontiers in
Genetics’ under the title ‘Redundancy of the genetic code enables translational
pausing’, authors D'Onofrio and Abel (2014) have found that mutations in codons
can alter another rule-based code which governs the rate at which amino acids are
folded into proteins within ribosomes (something like how ink-jet printers
specify intentional pauses in their paper throughput to allow the wet ink time
to dry). This discovery of logic-based pausing code must surely have important implications
for the theory of ‘neutral evolution’ and ‘genetic drift’ (covered in this
volume on pp. 96-97). Yet my point is that code ‘degeneracy’ and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> another layer of ‘ontological
prescriptive information’ is what evolutionists would <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">expect to find</i> if genomes are just cobbled together from co-opted
strings of acids. In reality and to the contrary, complex, multi-dimensional,
multi-layered coding is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">characteristic</i>
of both genotypes and ribotypes. To his credit, Dr Alexander notes that in
genomics “…there will almost certainly be many more surprises to come”, however
one begins to wonder <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">why </i>they should
be<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> considered</i> counter-intuitive ‘surprises’
if an omniscient Intelligence is behind them. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A conclusion (and witticism)
soon arrives in chapter 5 (p.123): “Adam was commanded by God in Genesis
2:19-20 to name all the animals, but we have a long way to go in finally
fulfilling that command!” A quick glance at the referenced Scripture passage
indicates that the former assertion is simply false. The only animals mentioned
are all cattle (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">b<sup>e</sup>hema</i>),
flying things <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(‘ôp</i>) and every beast (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hayyat ha’sadeh</i>). Significantly, this <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">excludes</i> all the many swimming swarmers
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">šereṣ</i>) and creeping things (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">remes</i> – e.g. flightless insects) from
Adam’s task. Therefore this conclusion is quite incorrect, despite the
statement seemingly meaning to invoke wonder at the breadth of biodiversity; we
have no reason to doubt that Adam had ample time to name those creatures that God
brought to him on the sixth day.<span class="encycheading"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="encycheading"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Chapter 7 favourably outlines a ‘Form and Fullness’ or ‘Creation
Kingdoms and Creature Kings’ structure for Genesis 1:1-2:3, which was
conclusively proven false by Professor E.J. Young back in 1964 and again by Professor
Todd Beall in 2008 (Young, 1964; Mortenson and Ury, 2008). ‘Figurative
interpretation’ is subsequently given the ‘proverbial nod’ through church
fathers of the allegorical ‘Alexandrian School’ (Philo, Origen and Augustine)
who were influenced by Greek Hellenistic thought and were actually some of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">only</i> fathers to take exception to a
literal-day interpretation</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> </span><span class="encycheading">(c.f. Rose, 2000; Sarfati, 2004). All this leads on to a
discussion of how Ancient Near Eastern creation epics contrast with Genesis,
ending with the curious observation: “…the gods continue to act like a
murderous bunch of thugs in these accounts, sending vicious plagues onto
mankind for trivial offences like making too much noise...” What? Has Dr
Alexander forgotten that judging by his own distorted theodicy, his “deity”
created human beings through multiple mass-extinctions, plagues and a
blood-bath of the most heinous animal cruelty spanning over 500 million years? And
are we really meant to accept the claim that this “wondrous” process was a
“robust expression of God’s omnipotence” since “We are all part of that long
food chain without which the biosphere cannot function”? Such wholly diminished
conceptions of a holy, sublime Creator, who creates oblivious to all the primal
horror screams of lifeblood spilling around him as he joyfully frolics with such
said omnipotence, are frankly disgusting. If this is to pass for
modern evangelicalism then we really have lost the gospel! The Lord Jesus
metaphorically called himself ‘The good shepherd’. Yet in Alexander’s Machiavellian
worldview this <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">same</i> Jesus (before his
incarnation) was indiscriminately slaughtering countless generations of real
sheep <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">before they were justly cursed on
account of the serpent’s usurping role in Adam’s sin</i> (i.e. in Genesis 3:14);
thus a glorious biblical metaphor is rendered squalid and inappropriate through his misinterpretation of Scripture! <span style="font-family: inherit;">The (impossible) challenge for Dr Alexander is to square</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">God’s revealed nature (i.e. gracious, loving and compassionate, even toward animals – cf. Exodus 23:12, Proverbs 12:10, Isaiah 11:8-9 and 65:25) with his unbiblical, non-lapsarian theodicy of physical death, suffering and natural evil.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>So let’s examine his theodicy in more detail. One notable conclusion which Dr Alexander reaches is that physical death is not a consequence of human sin. He reasons that the New Testament does not appear to link Christ’s sacrificial death to the physical death resulting from Adam’s sin – and we need not do so either. Yet on page 337 Dr Alexander writes that: “The use of animals for […] sacrifice is closely linked as the Genesis text progresses. It was God who provided Adam and Eve with garments made from animal skin after the fall.” Are these two sentences meant to be logically connected in Dr Alexander’s Theology? It is clear from the context of the passage alluded to here, coming just after the spiritual death of Adam and Eve (and God’s subsequent ‘proto-evangelium’ of Genesis 3:15), that God physically killed animals in order to make such skin tunics as allegorical atonement coverings for them (c.f. the ‘garments of salvation/robe of righteousness’ allegory in Isaiah 61:10). Now, behind these symbolic coverings, as Dr Alexander appears to acknowledge elsewhere, “the death of the animal powerfully symbolises the forgiveness of sin and salvation from the consequent penalty of death that the sinner really deserved” (p. 352). Yet he discounts his own ‘sacrifice/animal-skin garment’ logic just shortly before this when he writes: “The very first sacrifice that we find in the Old Testament comes in Genesis 8 when Noah sacrifices burnt offerings…” (p.351). Is this really consistent? Not as such, for we may safely make a logical inference (as with the vast majority of evangelical commentators) that because atonement for sin is always associated with the physical death of an animal through the shedding of its life-blood, Genesis 3:21 is actually the first sacrifice. As Theodore Epp wrote in 1972: “[God’s] love and mercy were manifested in that He arranged that this death penalty could be taken by Another and that man could be delivered from condemnation. This is seen in type in Genesis 3 when it is recorded that God made “coats of skins” (v. 21), which involved the shedding of innocent blood. This type was fulfilled in Jesus Christ when He came to earth to shed His innocent blood on the cross for the sins of the world.” Why then does Dr Alexander decide to discount his own logic? </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Quite simply, should Dr Alexander admit that Genesis 3:21 really was a sacrifice, the resulting typological connection would deeply compromise his other claim! For Hebrews 9:12 links the insufficient animal life-blood (inferentially shed from Genesis 3:21 onwards) with the sufficient sacrificial life-blood of Christ (shed on the Cross of Calvary). And Hebrews 10:3-10 teaches the necessity of this physical link - because the shadow had to be offered repeatedly throughout Old Testament history and could not take away sin, whereas the reality (i.e. the life-blood of Jesus) cleanses us from all sin once and forever. Hence the New Testament does by typology and logical inference link these two deaths together - and the reality (fulfilled in Christ’s physical death) is the reason we will see Adam and Eve physically resurrected as part of the new earth community! Furthermore, besides this typological argument, should the Apostle Paul have wanted to distinguish between Adam’s spiritual and physical death in his New Testament letters, he could easily and perspicuously have just added the qualifying Greek word ‘pneumatikon’ (spiritual) before his word for ‘death’, yet he never so much as hints that this artificial demarcation is appropriate for the first man… (Greek: anthropos) …Adam. </span><span class="encycheading"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="encycheading"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Although there might be many more claims to critique, the last for our
purposes occurs on page 381. There we read: “…page after page of the Old
Testament remind us of God’s delight in all the creatures of his creation. For
nearly all of our planet’s history, only God was around to enjoy their presence
on the earth.” Presumably these temporary ‘sandcastles’ were an even greater
joy for Alexander’s “deity” to divinely <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">demolish</i>
- because as he explains elsewhere: “More than 99% of all the species that have
ever lived on this planet are now extinct.” Indeed! So what are we to make of this
‘deep time doctrine’ in light of Holy Scripture and the historic evangelical
faith? To begin with, Proverbs 8:24-31 makes it clear that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">when</i> God created the earth, it was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">then</i> his delights were with the sons of men – not some 4,566
million years later! Secondly, it wilfully overlooks the Lord Jesus’ own
teaching on the age of the earth around A.D. 30 (</span><i>Mark 10:6, Mark
13:19-20 and Luke 11:50-51</i><span class="encycheading">); the majority of the church
fathers (who also taught a youthful cosmos); </span>Peter Lombard (d. AD 1164),
Hugo of St. Victor (AD 1097-1141), Thomas Aquinas (AD 1225-1274) and Giacomo da
Bergamo (AD 1434-1520) during the Middle Ages; together with Luther, Calvin,
Melanchthon, several major ‘Confessions of Faith’ and innumerable modern
theologians and scientists around the world. The last word must surely go to
Calvin, who noted that: “…<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">if
men wish to cling to their knowledge and judgement, it will be incredible to
them that the world was created six thousand years ago. For what was God doing
from all eternity? In fact, shallow and imaginative people will never
understand what the Holy Spirit gives witness to because they will always have
their own answers (Calvin, 2009).” Those who call themselves evangelicals,
including this author, must pray earnestly that Dr Alexander would miraculously
relinquish <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">his own</i> fallacious answers,
in favour of those really found in God’s Holy Word, before that great and
terrible Day of Judgment arrives. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">References:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Anderson, D. (2009). Creation or Evolution: choose wisely!
[WWW] <a href="http://creation.com/review-creation-or-evolution-david-anderson"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://creation.com/review-creation-or-evolution-david-anderson</span></a>
(Accessed on 24/01/15).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Beall, T. (2008). ‘Contemporary Hermeneutical Approaches to
Genesis 1-11’ <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">In:</b> Mortenson, T. and
Ury, T. (eds.). (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Coming to Grips
with Genesis: Biblical Authority and the Age of the Earth</i>, USA:
Master Books. p. 156-158.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Calvin, J. (2009). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sermons
on Genesis</i>, Volume 1: Chapters 1-11. Edinburgh:
The Banner of Truth Trust. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
D’Onofrio, D.J. and Abel, D.L. (2014). Redundancy of the
genetic code enables translational pausing. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Front.
Genet</i>., 20 May 2014 | doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00140<br />
Epp, T. (1972). The God of Creation. Back to the Bible, p.195-197. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kuiper, R.B. (1919 and 2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">While the Bridegroom Tarries</i>. The Banner of Truth Trust, p. 33.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lloyd-Jones, M. (1992). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What
is an Evangelical?</i> Edinburgh:
The Banner of Truth Trust, p. 79</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nevin, N.C. (2009). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Should Christians Embrace Evolution? Biblical and Scientific responses.</i>
Inter-Varsity Press, UK</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rose, S. (2000). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Genesis,
Creation and Early Man: The Orthodox Christian Version</i>. Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sarfati, J. (2004). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Refuting
Compromise</i>… USA.
Master Books. p. 121</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Young, E.J. (1964). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Studies
in Genesis One</i>. USA:
Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co. pp. 68-73.</div>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>. Note
that Dr Lloyd-Jones rightly located the issue of “Creation not Evolution” and a
‘global’ not ‘local’ flood under truths ‘essential and foundational’ to the
evangelical faith. Dr Alexander, on the other hand, states that he does not
regard these issues as foundational, and he appears to consider his
evolutionary position to be historically orthodox because some I.F.E.S. leaders
in the latter decades of the 20<sup>th</sup> century advocated it! </div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span class="encycheading">Although Dr Alexander is no doubt aware of the detailed
critiques just cited, he has chosen to dismiss them as significantly "inaccurate"
– yet his short, selective responses and studied ignorance of key Scriptural
texts actually display a pseudo-intellectual opposition to God's Word. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-21979476427091414552016-10-01T00:40:00.000-07:002016-10-01T00:40:15.597-07:00Book Review: An insidious assault upon biblical origins<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<h2 class="MsoNormal">
<u><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Book Review: </span></b></u></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">How I Changed my Mind about Evolution: Evangelicals
reflect on faith and science</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Editors: Applegate, K. and
Stump, J.B.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Publisher: Monarch Books
(Lion Hudson plc), Oxford,
2016.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Pages: 196.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Price: £10.99</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -2.85pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">This
book is a collection of twenty five short autobiographies by people who claim
to be evangelicals, yet have accepted “evolutionary creation” (aka theistic
evolution) as an explanation for origins. This position involves a rejection of
Scriptural authority and Dr D. Martyn Lloyd-Jones summed up such claimants: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 14.15pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 14.15pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">“…<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">instead of submitting themselves to the
Scripture, they turn to science, to philosophy, or to one of a number of other
disciplines, and their position is determined by these things. They allow
reason to determine what they believe instead of how they believe and how they
think</i>.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Some of the authors apparently
accepted the biblical position on creation until in their higher education they
encountered compromising Christian theologians. An uncritical attitude towards
these theologians and a mistaken notion that they represent the historic
Reformed tradition swayed their worldview towards theistic evolution.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
John Calvin’s name is used to buttress old earth creation (page 26), although in
reality he was strongly opposed to those who questioned the timeframe that
Genesis provides, noting that the Spirit Himself testifies against them:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 14.15pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“…</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">if men wish to
cling to their knowledge and judgement, it will be incredible to them that the
world was created six thousand years ago. For what was God doing from all
eternity? In fact, shallow and imaginative people will never understand what
the Holy Spirit gives witness to because they will always have their own
answers</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The grammatical-historical
interpretation of Genesis, which necessarily entails a young cosmos, is
dismissed as an “utter novelty” (page 25) based on Ronald Number’s biased and
selective history.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a> Many
creationists have ably demonstrated that Genesis 1-11 is a historical narrative<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a>,
and from the second century A.D. Christians were refuting the notion that our
cosmos is extremely ancient (or even eternal) when countering Greek
philosophers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Other authors in the book argue
that Genesis chapter 1 employs simple, “ancient science”, which they say is now
known to be just plain wrong. However, there is a vast difference between
simplification and fabrication! Whilst it is important not to neglect Hebrew
idiom and culture, this can easily be taken too far. There is no “ancient
science” in Genesis one. Rather, the infinite, timeless Author is accommodating
his timeless truth to us in every age. Many early cosmogonies, such as those
from Egypt,
are probably pagan corruptions of the Genesis Flood narrative. One author
writes: “it is fair to say that no human knows what the meaning of Genesis 1
and 2 was precisely intended to be.” (page 73) Such statements directly
contradict the doctrine of Scriptural perspicuity and ultimately end in scepticism
concerning special revelation as a whole. Bear in mind that even the Lord Jesus Christ himself, Scripture's ultimate Author, would fall foul of this glib assertion, because he is fully human as well as fully divine!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Some of the authors felt that
by maintaining a young cosmos against the tide of scholarship and peer pressure
they were interpreting Scripture subjectively. However, the Holy Spirit is our
interpreter, and being God-breathed, the Scriptures are our sole and final
authority in all matters which they touch upon. Aberrant and novel
interpretations of Scripture, which are motivated more by extra-biblical
speculations than by careful exegetical and historical study, should not be
accepted. Returning to Dr Lloyd-Jones’ neglected warnings: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 14.15pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">[Such
people] “…<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">are saying that there are, as
it were, two great authorities and two means of revelation: one of them is
Scripture and the other is nature…so you go to the Scriptures for matters
concerning your soul, but you do not go to them to seek God’s other revelation
of Himself in nature. For that, you go to science. You are familiar with this
view which, it seems to me, is not only extremely dangerous, but tends to
undermine our whole </i>[evangelical] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">position.
We have got to contest it, and contest it very strongly</i>.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Origins science, unlike
operational science, is not demonstrable in a laboratory and some of the authors
appear naïve in accepting what are merely fallible, changing opinions and
assumptions. Many unprovable, tacit assumptions and speculations are thoroughly
unbiblical. Spiritual discernment is required and those evangelicals critical
of biblical creationism should at least inform themselves about what
creationists actually believe regarding the limits of biological variation (pp.
37-38), the origins of entropy (p. 126), and the identity of Cain’s wife! (p.
139).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Commendably, throughout the
book we are encouraged to give God glory and praise for his wonderful and
awe-inspiring world. Yet in the worldview of ‘evolutionary creation’ the Fall
had very little effect on animals and although evolution by natural selection
is described as “profound”, “beautiful” and “elegant”, its mechanism involves
death, disease, bloodshed and untold animal suffering as part of the creative
process. How such monstrous cruelty could be attributed to the loving Creator
of the Bible, who gave His divine stamp of approval no less than seven times in
Genesis one, is left unanswered. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Most of the authors were once
biblical creationists and describe their former approach (or that of their mentors)
in very critical terms: “selective” (p.23), “quite aberrant” and “narrow”
(p.26), “afraid” (p.33), “scared to death” (p.36), “growing” yet “at war with
science” (p.65), “unworkable” “wishful thinking” (p.66), “declaring personal
infallibility” (p.67), displaying “misinformed religious fervour” (p.74), “bad
science, shoddy thinking, false claims and misguided ideas” and “…a wrong
interpretation of the Bible” (p.93), “intellectual slackers” (p.95),
“uncritical” (p.99), “risk-averse” (p.104), “spoon-fed” (p.105), “flawed”
(p.110), “gerrymandering” (p.117), “nervous” (p.120), “increasingly absurd”
(p.140), “rigid” (p.156), “a fabrication of religionists” (p.174), “a
caricature” which <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>we will “face
judgement for” and “our own subculture of alternative science” (p.175). In
short, generally “hung up” (p.192). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Other authors contradict
these negative jibes and put-downs. One author writes that “many have lost
their faith over evolution. It is quite understandable that many churches are
worried about their young people studying biology in secular universities.” Another
author states: “…Christians who are uncomfortable with any version of evolution
– even evolutionary creationism – are not necessarily unintelligent, naïve or
obstinate.” For a book full of unpleasant remarks about those who profess true
doctrine, this is an interesting admission! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">A battle is raging for the
hearts and minds of our young people and sadly many who are being led astray
and have abandoned Scriptural authority may welcome this book as it will
seemingly confirm them in their errors. If Bible-believing evangelicals read the
book, they should do so with great caution. </span></div>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Lloyd-Jones, D.M. (1992). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What is an Evangelical?</i> The Banner of Truth Trust, p.49.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Chapters 1-3 of <i>Coming to Grips with Genesis</i> by
Mortenson and Ury contain a helpful rebuttal of this pseudo-historical idea. Also cf. Sarfati, J. (2004). <i>Refuting Compromise</i>. USA: Master Books.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Calvin, J. (1559), translated by McGregor, R.R.
(2009). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sermons on Genesis: Chapters 1-11</i>.
Edinburgh: The
Banner of Truth Trust. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Numbers, R. (2006). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism</i>. Harvard University Press. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[v]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> See, for instance: Beeke, J.R. (2013). What Did the
Reformers Believe about the Age of the Earth? In: Ham, K. (Ed.) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New Answers Book 4</i>, Master Books,
pp.101-110; Peet, J.H.J. (2013). <i>Does the Bible require a belief in ‘special
creation’?</i> DayOne Publications, pp.43-55; Patrick, J. (2013). The Genre and
Goals of Genesis 1-11, <i>Origins</i> #57 [Part 1, pp.14-17] and <i>Origins</i> #58 [Part 2,
pp.8-11]. Journal of The Biblical Creation Society. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5421957598740833778#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Lloyd-Jones, D.M. Op. Cit. p.73</span></div>
</div>
</div>
The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-13620242529944489062016-03-16T15:34:00.002-07:002016-03-16T15:34:14.773-07:00Brand New E-booklet on Noah's Flood in Ancient Cultures Out Now!My new e-booklet on the global deluge in early cultures is now available for download on the Amazon Kindle Store! Please share and review! <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Deluge-Story-History-Archaeology-Deciphering-ebook/dp/B01CVPF7IG/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1458166929&sr=8-1" target="_blank">www.amazon.co.uk/Deluge-Story-History-Archaeology-Deciphering-ebook/dp/B01CVPF7IG/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1458166929&sr=8-1</a>The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-23453772863364565482015-01-02T10:45:00.001-08:002015-01-02T10:45:31.308-08:00The Eubacterial Flagellum - Co-option an Option?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Chapter six of the 2006 book 'Why Intelligent Design Fails' (edited by Matt Young and Taner Edis) is written by
Ian Musgrave, a molecular pharmacologist at the University of Adelaide. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Although his critique of the irreducible complexity of the eubacterial
flagellum looks scientifically reasonable at first, a little more research
uncovers many significant problems with his rather glib dismissal of the
details. <br />
<br />
Musgrave notes that the bacterial flagellum is an organelle that looks
strikingly similar to a machine constructed by humans. Then, within the same
paragraph, he contradicts this assertion with the claim that:
'...<i>"the" bacterial flagellum does not exist</i>'. One cannot help
feeling that this irrational conclusion is partly motivated by a rejection of
learning. What could he possibly mean by this blatant contradiction? It seems
that in an attempt to think comparatively, Musgrave is also trying to draw our
attention away from the object of cognitive conflict (the eubacterial
flagellum), and introduce other types of flagella (e.g. Archaeal flagella). Yet
significantly, he fails here to note that these other flagella (including their
basal bodies) are by no means plausible intermediates, but totally distinct
systems - fundamentally different in many respects from the eubacterial
propeller. <br />
<br />
William Dembski finds models of the evolution of the eubacterial flagellum
unconvincing. Yet Musgrave claims that: '...<i>[Dembski] does not seem to
understand that the eubacterial flagellum is only one of a range of motility
systems in bacteria...and that motility is just one function of the flagellum</i>.'
This is clear equivocation. Many flagellum experts [including Professor Scott
Minnich] understand very well that there are other motility systems designed
for life at a low Reynolds number. Yet all of these systems (except type-III
secretory systems) share no significant homologies with the bacterial
flagellum, and therefore cannot contribute to a hypothetical Darwinian pathway.
Furthermore, while it is true that the eubacterial flagellum does contain a
sub-system that superficially resembles a Type III secretory system, this
flagellar subsystem is a vital engineering solution which allows assembly to
occur from the bottom of the filament up. Therefore, half-baked attempts to
impose a historical interpretation are utterly unjustified.<br />
<br />
However, Musgrave continues this critique by suggesting: '<i>The flagellum is
probably not IC at all because the original function of the eubacterial
flagellum, which can survive massive pruning of its components, is almost
certainly secretion, not motility</i>'. This reasoning is severely flawed. It is
somewhat equivalent, upon spying a light aircraft, to claiming that the
original function of the aircraft - which can survive massive pruning of its
wings, tail flaps etc. - is almost certainly road transport, not flight.
Indeed, comparative analysis with both a Reliant Robin and a Sinclair C5 shows
that all light aircraft probably arose through co-option and simple
modification of a three wheeled precursor which perhaps originally functioned
as a lawnmower. Clearly when we see design we can always rationalize it away with a historical just-so story, but such stories become highly implausible.<br />
<br />
This chapter next presents evidence for homologies with the Type III secretory
system. Here, the extent of homology with this system is quite overblown. The
Type III secretory system contains no homologues for a number of vital
components including MotA, MotB, FliM, FliE, and possibly FliO and the filament
forming chaperone FliD. In addition:<br />
<br />
1. The type III homologue of FliN only shares sequence similarity in 80
C-terminal amino acids.<br />
<br />
2. The similarity between FliG homologs is very poor indeed. <br />
<br />
3. The FliF homologue in the Type III secretory system has both the C- and
N-terminal domains missing and is probably incapable of substituting for
flagellar FliF. <br />
<br />
Most models also assume the existence of the Type III secretory system to begin
with. Yet the origin of this system is far from clear. Some
scientists have recently suggested that it could have been coopted from an
already functioning ATP synthase. Yet this is simply clutching at straws
because there are many dissimilarities between these systems and the origin of
ATP synthase as a ubiquitous system is itself equally obscure. Primitive ATP
synthases are simply non-existent. <br />
<br />
Analysing this a little deeper reveals that the Type III secretory system is
not the proposed Darwinian intermediate for the eubacterial flagellum anyway.
What, according to Musgrave, is then? The final answer - it turns out - is a
'general, ancestral type-III system' which cannot be identified but must simply
be imagined! No surprises there then! In fact, what we have here is a molecular 'missing link'. Perhaps we can anticipate the next logical step
for evolutionary molecular biology: a theory of punctuated equilibrium for
molecular systems! <br />
<br />
After arguing that the eubacterial flagella performs many other functions -
including secretion - Musgrave suggests: 'Secretion plays a crutial role in
this organelle, so you can't make flagella without secretion, so secretion must
be the original function.' This is very questionable reasoning indeed. What it totally
ignores is the remarkable, systematic, <i>assembly order</i> of this organelle. <br />
<br />
It turns out that when the eubacterial flagellum is assembled, the rotor
housing (FliF) forms <i>first</i>, followed by the rotor/switch (FliG,M,N), followed
by the protein export apparatus (FlhA,B,FliO,P,Q,R), <i>followed by</i> the motor
proteins (MotA,B); <i>then</i> the rod, the secretory P and L rings, and <i>finally</i> the
hook, junction, cap and filament. The implications of this sequence are very
significant. <i>Since the assembly sequence which is most plausible from a
historical perspective is quite dissimilar to the actual assembly sequence,
something is clearly wrong with Musgrave's model</i>. In all evolutionary models,
the export and secretory systems are always assumed very early on. In reality,
however, the switch complex must be formed first in order to incorporate the
export apparatus. Since the switch and rotor only function as part of the
rotary flagellum system, the rotary propeller function of the flagellum is
<i>implicit from the beginning</i> - a clear case of "teleological assembly".<br />
<br />
Teleological assembly doesn't stop there, however. Evolutionary models (assuming
Gram-negative origins) also suggest a secretin is formed in the peptidoglycan
and lipopolysaccharide wall layers - before the rod complex. This is in
order to provide a hollow tube for surface adhesins to oligomerize (without a
chaperone!) to form an adhesive proto-pilus. However, in order to oligomerize
and puncture the two wall layers, the rod complex (FliE, FlgB, FlgC/F and FlgG)
in the eubacterial flagellum actually seems to drill through the walls using
the proton-motive force of the motor proteins. The motor proteins are therefore
incorporated before the rod pierces through the two layers, and the P and L
secretory rings are only incorporated as the rod penetrates each layer of the
wall respectively. Needless to say, this assembly sequence is extremely
counter-intuitive from an evolutionary perspective. Yet teleologic assembly
makes perfect sense within a paradigm of intelligent design.<br />
<br />
In closing, Musgrave concludes: '<i>Being IC does not eliminate indirect
evolutionary explanations, and flagella can evolve from simpler systems through
a series of functional intermediates</i>.' Yet nowhere has Musgrave actually
demonstrated a scientifically plausible, non-direct Darwinian pathway, and
nowhere has he provided any plausible intermediates with significant homology
to the eubacterial flagellum.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span>The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-1704631020102010282014-03-08T09:32:00.000-08:002014-03-08T10:02:47.699-08:00Upcoming Event: UK Mega Conference 2014<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAQ4P67Sm2QQExOxFcsSTZil4jGSPBSfYk8erdMwbReGuqgpgfhXziZsUu6DgW80ABK1ylYEgjvRYvbOIzo3eb7ZzA2hAfLOd0TAhgRxe2iNaCt4EPUNqPj9BitcAQdLhHzlOxRMMBlMRd/s1600/UK+Mega.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAQ4P67Sm2QQExOxFcsSTZil4jGSPBSfYk8erdMwbReGuqgpgfhXziZsUu6DgW80ABK1ylYEgjvRYvbOIzo3eb7ZzA2hAfLOd0TAhgRxe2iNaCt4EPUNqPj9BitcAQdLhHzlOxRMMBlMRd/s1600/UK+Mega.png" height="640" width="453" /></a></div>
<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MbYQ5L-7g33mNo5ud_LA8nuSBGLmRDl_6NeFMSLoDlE/pub"></a>The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-63138713091437234502014-02-28T13:36:00.000-08:002015-12-15T13:24:30.084-08:00Noah’s Ark in Ancient History: An International ‘Cultural Koine’ <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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In this article, symbols, icons and
cosmogonies of the Egyptian theocratic system will be analysed and compared to
those of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Syria</st1:country-region>, Anatolia, <st1:city w:st="on">Mesopotamia</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region>
and <st1:place w:st="on">Crete</st1:place>. Many visual riddles will be
unlocked by viewing such iconography through a ‘grid’, ‘lens’ or ‘cultural <i>koine</i>’ which Professor Nanno Marinatos<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
defines as a standard set of cultural assumptions which circulated throughout
the Ancient Near East (henceforth ANE) and Eastern Mediterranean. This
historical grid or international milieu will allow us to infer what could be
the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>’s true location, confirming previous
claims that the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
may have already been discovered, yet never properly excavated. Evidence from
numerous seal cylinders, ring impressions, wall reliefs, paintings and papyri
across the ancient world is presented and interpreted via the <i>koine</i>, showing that the Ark’s specific
location appears to have been both known and revered in ancient antiquity.
Remarkably, the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>’s location as suggested by
ANE iconography is still recognizable today - as are the surprising remains of
what could be the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
itself!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>KEYWORDS <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Koine, <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>, Location,
Ararat, Iconography, <st1:city w:st="on">Babel</st1:city></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>INTRODUCTION:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Judging by the recent film ‘<i>Noah</i>’
directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Russell Crowe, Anthony Hopkins, Emma
Watson et al., you could be forgiven for thinking that the entire story of
Noah’s Ark is a solemn yet fanciful myth. In fact, nothing could be further
from the truth! In their 1976 book,
‘The Ark on Ararat’, Dr. John D. Morris and Tim F. LaHaye note a non-exhaustive
list of over 212 flood accounts from across the globe. Bill Cooper confirms the
universal extent of flood accounts worldwide by noting: “Even the remotest
peoples, separated from the rest of the world by immense distances and time,
have preserved among themselves recognisable memories of the Flood of Noah,
sometimes in the most startling detail, lending a remarkable corroboration to
what we read in the Book of Genesis.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Gleaning precious information from all these accounts regarding the
specific location where the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place>
finally came to land has previously yielded little conclusive evidence (c.f.
Humphreys<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
who examines the biblical clues in particular and Habermehl<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
who examines a number of claimed possible landing sites). To the question
‘where are the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place>’s
remains now?’ most scholars have had to reply ‘we simply do not know’ or ‘it
must have been dismantled’. Nevertheless, a close examination of some of the
more obscure flood accounts serves to elucidate tantalizing clues, which together
with recent advances in ancient iconography may have a revolutionary impact
upon both the Ark Studies Project and the study of all Ancient History. Let us
begin our examination with the testimony of ancient historians:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>WHERE THE <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ARK</st1:place></st1:state> NOW RESIDES: THE
TESTIMONY OF ANCIENT HISTORIANS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
As Crouse and Franz note: “…if such
an Ark vessel once really existed, with the Scriptural dimensions of nearly 500
feet in length and being built of a durable wood and coated with a preservative
such as tar, wouldn’t it make sense that it would have taken centuries, even
millennia, to decay, and that everyone in the general vicinity would know where
such a hulk would lie? We are not talking about a small relic that cannot be
readily seen by the general populace. Over the centuries, indeed millennia,
people would know about it; it would be a topic of conversation and people
would want to see it.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Indeed we learn this much from
various ancient historians, as follows:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal">Berosus
extracted from Abydenus</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
The history of a Chaldean priest
named Berosus has been preserved in a number of later sources still extant. The
Greek historian Abydenus, who probably lived around 200 B.C., was one of those
who recounted Berosus’ history. Abydenus relates regarding the Ark of Noah:
“With respect to the vessel, which yet remains in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Armenia</st1:country-region>, it is a custom of the
inhabitants to form bracelets and amulets of its wood.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal">Berosus
extracted from Alexander Polyhistor</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Another fragment from Berosus was
preserved by the historian Alexander Polyhistor, who flourished in the first
half of the first century B.C. He noted that: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
“…the vessel was driven to the side
of a mountain…” and “…the vessel, being thus stranded in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Armenia</st1:country-region>, some part of it yet remains in the
Gordyaean mountains in <st1:place w:st="on">Armenia</st1:place>;
and the people scrape off the bitumen, with which it had been outwardly coated,
and make use of it by way of an alexipharmic and amulet.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Benjamin of Tudela</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
A Medieval Jewish traveller,
writing in the 12<sup>th</sup> century, records that he travelled two days to
an island in the Tigris on the foot of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Mt.</st1:placetype> <st1:placename w:st="on">Ararat</st1:placename></st1:place>
on which the ark rested. As Crouse and Franz record: “Omar Ben al-Khatab
removed the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place>
from the summit of the two mountains and made a mosque of it…”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 30.416269302368164px;">Targum Jonathan on Genesis 8:4:</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 32.006256103515625px;">This translation suggests that the mountain had two peaks. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 32.006256103515625px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 34.419395446777344px;">The ark came to rest "...on the mountains of Qurdun [Gordyene]; the name of the one mountain is Qurdunia, and the name of the other mountain is Armenia." </span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 35.62596893310547px;">Epiphanus</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 35.62596893310547px;">"...the ark came to rest 'in the mountains of Ararat, in the midst of [or, 'in-between'] the mountains of Armenia and of Kurdistan [Gordyene], on a mountain called Lubar."</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 34.419395446777344px;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal">Various
authors extracted from Josephus</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Finally, for the purposes of this
argument, the Jewish historian Josephus refers to numerous historical sources
which attest that the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
was freely accessible and indeed venerated in their times: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
"However, the Armenians call
this place, <i>The Place of Descent</i>; for
the ark being saved in that place, its remains are shown there by the
inhabitants to this day…” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
“Now all the writers of barbarian
histories make mention of this flood, and of this ark; among whom is Berosus
the Chaldean. For when he is describing the circumstances of the flood, he goes
on thus: "It is said there is still some part of this ship in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Armenia</st1:country-region>, at the
mountain of the Cordyaeans; and that some people carry off pieces of the
bitumen, which they take away, and use chiefly as amulets for the averting of
mischiefs." Hieronymus the Egyptian also, who wrote the Phoenician
Antiquities, and Mnaseas, and a great many more, make mention of the same. Nay,
Nicolaus of Damascus, in his ninety-sixth book, hath a particular relation
about them; where he speaks thus: "There is a great mountain in Armenia,
over Minyas, called Baris [i.e. a ship], upon which it is reported that many
who fled at the time of the Deluge were saved; and that one who was carried in
an ark came on shore upon the top of it; and that the remains of the timber
were a great while preserved."<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Notice here in Josephus the very
intriguing observation that the mountain itself was called “Baris” from the
Greek word <i>baris</i> - which is a term for an "Egyptian
boat", (probably deriving from the Egyptian <i>ba-y-r</i> for
"basket-shaped boat")<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. This name corresponds to 'Lubar' which signifies a crescent moon. Such etymologies might be a significant clue about the shape of the mountain, as we shall more
fully appreciate later on. Meanwhile, carefully note that the Armenians themselves
called the landing site “<i>The Place of
Descent</i>”. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
This is corroborated by the Indian
flood account of Manu and the Seven Sages. Julius Eggeling translates this
flood account from the first ‘kânda’ of the <i>Ṡatapatha
Brāhmaṇa </i>thus:<i> </i>“As the water
subsides, thou mayest gradually descend!’ Accordingly, he gradually descended,
and hence that (slope) of the northern mountain is called ‘Manu’s descent’!”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Here in the Indian Sanskrit account
of the great flood we learn a further interesting morsel of information, namely
that the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
landed on a north facing slope and gradually sank down. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Moreover, in the <i>Atharva Veda</i>, Book 19, Hymn 39, Verse 8,
Ralph Griffith’s translation reads: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
“In the third heaven above us stands
the Asvattha tree, the seat of Gods: There is embodiment of life that dies
not: thence was Kushtha born. There moved through heaven a golden ship, a ship
with cordage wrought of gold: There is embodiment of life that dies not;
thence was Kushtha born. Where is the Sinking of the Ship, the summit of the
Hill of Snow, There is embodiment of life that dies not: thence was Kustha born.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Why all these seemingly obscure
observations from Hindu Sanskrit records should be considered significant to
the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>’s current
location will be gradually revealed as we consider the testimony of other
nations to this strange ‘Place of Descent’. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>THE TESTIMONY OF <st1:place w:st="on">MESOPOTAMIA</st1:place><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
The Mesopotamian flood accounts (including
the Epic of Gilgamesh, Fragment CBM 13532 from the <st1:placetype w:st="on">Temple</st1:placetype>
<st1:placename w:st="on">Library</st1:placename> of <st1:city w:st="on">Nippur</st1:city> and the Epic of Atram-Hasis) are some
of the most detailed of all extra-biblical sources. Here I want to make five
important observations regarding them. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
First, a recently discovered tablet
of the Epic of Atram-Hasis<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
has revealed that the Amorites who wrote the Epic believed the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place> to be <i>circular</i> in shape. As Maev Kennedy,
writing in the British Newspaper ‘<i>The
Guardian</i>’ reports, cuneiform expert Irving Finkel’s translation makes this
plain: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
"Wall, wall! Reed wall, reed wall! Atram-Hasis,
pay heed to my advice, that you may live forever! Destroy your house, build a
boat; despise possessions And save life! Draw out the boat that you will build
with a circular design; Let its length and breadth be the same."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
A circular <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
might sound like an obvious pagan corruption unworthy of further consideration,
yet although the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place>
clearly wasn’t a circular coracle, Finkel’s ‘Ark Tablet’ does actually bear
wider significance for our interpretation of ANE iconography.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Second, Kennedy also notes that “…the
tablet goes on to command the use of plaited palm fibre, waterproofed with
bitumen, before the construction of cabins for the people and wild animals.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Note carefully the use of plaited
palm fibre in the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place>’s
construction. (White palm fibre is one of the few strong natural fibres which is
resistant to saltwater – a fact which explains its use in the manufacture of
fishing nets). The palm tree itself will also become significant as we examine relevant
ANE icons and symbols depicting the so-called ‘tree of life’ in our next
subsection. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Third, consider<span style="line-height: 150%;"> Fragment
CBM 13532 from the </span><st1:placetype style="line-height: 150%;" w:st="on">Temple</st1:placetype><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><st1:placename style="line-height: 150%;" w:st="on">Library</st1:placename><span style="line-height: 150%;"> of </span><st1:city style="line-height: 150%;" w:st="on">Nippur</st1:city><span style="line-height: 150%;"> (discovered
by Professor Hermann Hilprecht from the </span><st1:place style="line-height: 150%;" w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:placename></st1:place><span style="line-height: 150%;">)
which recounts:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
“Build a great ship and … total
height shall be its structure. …it shall be a houseboat carrying what has been saved
of life. … with a strong deck cover (it). [The ship] which thou shalt make
[into it br]ing the beasts of the field, the birds of heaven…”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
As Bill Cooper<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
points out, the term ‘houseboat’ translates as ‘<i>ma-gurgurrum</i>’ (or a boat which can be closed by a door), which is
related to an old Semitic word, ‘<i>ma-kurru</i>’,
meaning ark.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Forth, consider if you will a few
enigmatic sections from the Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh. As Fasold notes: “The
landing site of the ship of Utnapishtim appears in tablet 11 in successive
lines 140 through 144 five times. It is translated ‘Mount Nisir’. … The
interesting thing about working with three root consonants is that <i>nṣr</i> can be related to <i>nšr</i>, <i>msr</i>,
<i>mṣr</i> and <i>mzr</i>. The most obvious would then be <i>nạsāru</i>, ‘to keep something under guard.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Importantly, cuneiform expert Irving
Finkel corroborates this interpretation of the etymology of Niṣir in noting
that: “…I still prefer Mount Niṣir because this is the Mesopotamian name for
the mountain and the Babylonian root behind it, <i>naṣāru</i>, ‘to guard, protect’, makes very good sense given the
emphasis in this very <i>Gilgamesh</i>
passage on how the mountain holds the Ark fast and will not let it move.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Intriguingly, in line 37 of the
Epic, the ‘hero’ Gilgamesh finds himself by <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Mount</st1:placetype> <st1:placename w:st="on">Mashu</st1:placename></st1:place>
(or possibly Manu) as he journeys to meet Utnapishtim [who is the Babylonian
equivalent of Noah in the Holy Bible<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>].
Henri Nissen relates from the Epic that:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
“The mountain is called Mashu. Then
he reached Mount Mashu, which daily guards the rising and setting of the Sun,
above which only the dome of the heavens reaches, and whose flank reaches as
far as the Netherworld below, there were Scorpion-beings watching over its
gate. Trembling terror they inspire, the sight of them is death, their
frightening aura sweeps over the mountains, At the rising and setting they
watch over the Sun.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Nissen further notes that “…to the
Sumerians, Mashu was a sacred mountain. Its name means ‘twin’ in Akkadian, and
thus was it portrayed on Babylonian cylinder seals – a twin-peaked mountain,
described by poets as both the seat of the gods, and the underworld.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Compare fully Figure 2 from Professor Marinatos.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b> </b><b style="font-size: small;">Figure 2:</b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Shamash the ‘Sun-god’ arising from between the twin peaks
(note the two-faced ‘Janus’ bottom right, who may represent Noah) (from
Marinatos, 2010)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Professor Nanno Marinatos also makes
a very important connection here: “On Akkadian seals, [she writes] the sun god
Shamash habitually rises between the twin peaks of a mountain ... the
morphology of the sign is almost universal and designates the twin peaks of a
cosmic mountain." <a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
She, independently from Nissen,
also finds correlation with the Epic of Gilgamesh: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
"Gilgamesh...travels in search
of...Utnapishtim. ... He comes to the cosmic <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">mount</st1:placetype> <st1:placename w:st="on">Mashu</st1:placename></st1:place>
'which daily guards the ascent and descent of the sun'. ... This passage is a
goldmine of information about Mesopotamian cosmology. First, we learn that
Mashu is a cosmic mountain, the root of which is located in the underworld,
where its peak reaches heaven. We also learn that the sun uses the mountain as
a gate. This is important because it corresponds exactly to the images of the
sun god rising between the mountain peaks engraved on the Akkadian seals."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Fifth, according to Marinatos this
twin-peaked ‘cosmic mountain’, detailed as two peaks separated by a curved
escarpment, is one of the central elements within an international ‘cultural <i>koine</i>’ which extended from the very
earliest periods of recorded history to the very end of the ancient world. This
distinctive and uniquely formed mountain is inseparably connected with the winged
sun disc or circle – over which it was considered a ‘guardian’. The mountain
therefore guards the embodiment of life. Recall that the Amorites in the Epic
of Atra-Hasis spoke of the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place>’s
plan as if it were ‘drawn out on a circle design’. </div>
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Could the Egyptian winged sun disc and the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state> be morphologically cognate icons? Could
the ‘Place of Descent’ recorded in Josephus as the Ark landing site also imply
sinking into the ‘Underworld’ as the <i>Atharva
Veda </i>seems to imply? Indeed, could this twin-peaked mount actually be the very
‘mountains of Ararat’ mentioned in Genesis 8:4? Consider for a moment the many
relevant seal cylinders which Elliot G. Smith<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
has collated together from W. Hayes Ward’s book ‘The Seal Cylinders of Western
Asia’ (1910) – Figure 3 (a)-(m). See Footnote <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a> below.</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirdkdR0sZ-kTT0v34wTJh1B9Dr-8VUlU2hopx_xEuH50ZK__Npx5eykKgQ9UnMOYNVXUBRZM3eCgnyvLXtw6axI1j16wqpBL2t1zm_aK3q_-DvoPVh5U_BlcJxLdWKxs6hZnDmeCcHeFrk/s1600/Figure+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirdkdR0sZ-kTT0v34wTJh1B9Dr-8VUlU2hopx_xEuH50ZK__Npx5eykKgQ9UnMOYNVXUBRZM3eCgnyvLXtw6axI1j16wqpBL2t1zm_aK3q_-DvoPVh5U_BlcJxLdWKxs6hZnDmeCcHeFrk/s1600/Figure+3.jpg" width="263" /></a></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 3:</b>
Collated cylinder seals from across <st1:place w:st="on">Western Asia</st1:place>
(courtesy of Smith, 2007)</span></div>
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Here in this compilation of ancient
seals we can observe a number of relevant correlations which are highly
suggestive of this thesis. In (a) we note that the sun disc resides between
twin peaks, with cobras [scorpion beings?] on either side and wings extending
to the horizon. Again, comparing icons (b) through to (d) we may note that the
winged sun disc is positioned atop stylized icons of a solar palm or tree of
life. In (e) this tree is more clearly a palm standard between the twin-peaked
mountain, together with a sacred bird; whilst in (f) a morphologically cognate bird
is found perched atop the Minoan Double Axe. Marinatos notes regarding this
type of imagery: “We may easily understand why birds are associated with the
sun. They are the first to wake up in the morning and greet the emerging disc;
their presence on the same scene as the rising axe is thus quite meaningful.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Icons
(i) and (k), on the other hand, are noteworthy because the former shows a
winged gate from <st1:place w:st="on">Chaldea</st1:place> - and the latter shows
a ‘god’ figure riding the Persian winged disc-boat above a fire-altar -
suggestive of the twin-peaked mountain of dawn. Compare all these with (m)
where the ‘god’ now arises from a crescent-shaped icon above the ‘tree of
life’. All these correlations are suggestive of what Professor Marinatos herself
describes as a shared international religious milieu or ‘cultural koine’ which
acts as a lens through which the culture of the ANE can be better understood.</div>
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<b>THE TESTIMONY OF <st1:place w:st="on">CRETE</st1:place><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Nanno Marinatos is, in fact, a
world expert in Minoan cultural art from the isle of <st1:place w:st="on">Crete</st1:place>.
Her remarkable thesis, recorded in ‘Minoan Kingship and the Solar Goddess’
(2010) deserves further summary at this point because of its significance for
the Ark Studies Project. </div>
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In Chapter 4 of her extended thesis,
Marinatos notes that the thrones or throne rooms of Minoan solar god-royalties
are usually associated with griffins and palm trees. </div>
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<br /></div>
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“The first observation is that both
griffin and palm are associated with the sun in Syrian glyptic. The palm is
often linked with a winged rosette disc, a Levantine idiom of the Egyptian
winged sun disc. We may draw further inference, which is of some consequence,
that there existed stylized, human-made, wooden cult standards imitating the
palm. This would explain why the solar disc (also part of the object) was
attached on top…. Beatrice Teissier says: ‘The association of the sun with the
palm was both an Egyptian and Mesopotamian concept but Syrian imagery was
derived from the latter. In <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>
the palm was considered to be one of the seats of Re at his rising.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figures 4 and 5:</b> Royal griffin and palm were closely </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">associated with the
winged sun disc (from Marinatos, 2010)</span></div>
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In Chapter 5, it is noted that Cretan
‘houses of god’ were not necessarily independent structures but were integrated
within larger buildings or they constituted an open-air sanctuary. Furthermore,
these ‘divine dwellings’ contained symbolic architecture – in particular they
incorporated ‘mountain-gate’ architecture (c.f. Figures 6 and 7). </div>
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<b style="font-size: small;">Figures 6 and 7:</b><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Minoan ‘House of god’ – stone rhyton from Zakros (left) and clay votive model of
a sanctuary from </span><st1:place style="font-size: small;" w:st="on">East Crete</st1:place><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (right) (from
Marinatos, 2010)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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This gate architecture is
intimately associated with the ‘underworld’. As the Professor carefully relates
to those of us who are uninitiated to ANE lore: “Mountains are gates. Strange
as this may seem to us, it was a common concept in Near Eastern mythology… The
gate to the beyond is conceived as a double-peak mountain, sometimes guarded by
lions … The idea that the mountain is a gate to the netherworld is supported by
linguistic evidence. The Sumerian word <i>kur</i>
means both ‘mountain’ and ‘underworld’.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Chapter 8 of Marinatos’ thesis is
particularly significant for the Ark Studies Project. Marinatos begins by
redefining the meaning of a Minoan hieroglyph:</div>
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"Generations of scholars have
relied on these two giants of Minoan religion [Evans and Nilsson - ed.] for the
interpretation of the sign [Minoan hieroglyph 37 of the old palace period] as
bull's horns...[yet other theories came from] Dutch scholar W.B. Kristensen and
the German scholar W. Gaerte, who both regarded the so-called horns as
mountains, pointing to the similarity with the equivalent Egyptian ideogram...”</div>
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<br /></div>
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Indeed, this identification of the
horns of consecration with this twin-peaked mountain was made by Professor
Newberry<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""><sup><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[26]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></sup></a> of <st1:place w:st="on">Liverpool</st1:place> as early as 1908.</div>
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Marinatos continues: “Barry Powell
demonstrated it in 1977... in more recent years, Alexander MacGillivray and
Vance Watrous have also returned to this view. I endorse it here as well and
will add additional visual evidence that makes it unlikely that the symbol is
anything but the twin peak mountain depicting the east and west points of the
horizon. ... the Minoan symbol is almost identical to the Egyptian cosmic
mountain. The Egyptian symbol consists of two peaks that define the horizon
between which the sun disc rises…On Akkadian seals of the third millennium we
find a very similar rendition of the mountain represented as two scaly cones
that signify ‘land’…In Syria and Anatolia, the twin peaks also symbolize a
mountain, sometimes a double one… The twin peak mountain defines the edges of
the cosmos. … A symbol so common to <st1:city w:st="on">Mesopotamia</st1:city>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Syria</st1:country-region>, Anatolia, and <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> and designating ‘mountain’ must have had a
similar meaning in <st1:place w:st="on">Crete</st1:place>… It has previously
been mentioned that we do not see offerings (bread, meat, incense, etc.)
between the peaks of the object that has been redefined as a mountain;
therefore, its function cannot have been to sanctify offerings. Instead, the
two peaks frame a tree…a double axe…or a god… All of these are symbols of
cosmic significance and not votives that can be consecrated.”</div>
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<b> </b><b style="font-size: small;">Figure 8:</b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> a) Minoan b) Egyptian c) Akkadian and d) Syrian
representations (from Marinatos, 2010)</span></div>
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The full evidence Marinatos gathers
is highly persuasive. Some icons clearly depict a curved escarpment between two
rounded peaks whilst others simplify the image as two separate hillocks or two
more pointed ‘knife like’ objects [Figure 9].</div>
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<b style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Figure 9:</b><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 150%;"> Bronze votive tablet from the
</span><st1:place style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">cave</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Psychro</st1:placename></st1:place><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 150%;"> showing the twin-peaked mountain
as two ‘knife-like’ peaks (from Marinatos, 2010, pg. 108)</span></div>
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Yet the central motif always remains the same:
</div>
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“On a seal from Vapheio [she continues]
a tree rises between the two peaks of the mountain...” [Figure 10] … “In
summary: the tree rising between the Minoan twin-peak mountain is not
consecrated as an offering but constitutes the tree of life. This is the solar
palm...”</div>
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<b style="font-size: small;">Figures 10 and 11:</b><span style="font-size: x-small;">
A seal from Vapheio (left) and a Minoan seal from Kydonia (right) (from
Marinatos, 2010)</span></div>
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And again: “On a seal from Cretan
Kydonia we meet something even more striking: instead of a tree there is a god
standing between the mountain peaks and receiving homage from a Minoan demon
and a goat.” [Figure 11].</div>
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<br /></div>
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Later, in chapters 9 through 14 of
her book, Professor Marinatos focuses upon a number of long-standing riddles in
Minoan iconography. These riddles concern some perplexing questions such as ‘why
does the [Minoan] double axe rise from the cosmic mountain?’; ‘why does the
double axe appear between the horns of a bovine head?’; ‘why does the double
axe turn into a lily?’ and ‘why is the double axe both in the underworld and
the sky?’</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Her conclusions are equally remarkable!
“The double axe is a regenerative symbol suggesting growth or development. It
is the visual manifestation of the Egyptian concept of ‘coming forth by day’
and the equivalent of the lotus giving birth to the primeval sun/child…”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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“The sacred mountain with its twin
peaks, the incurved altar, the rosette, and the double axe are either landmarks
in the sun’s journey or allomorphs of the sun disc itself. … The key to their
meaning is the symmetry of their form, which reflects the dual world traversed
by the sun in its journey in the sky and underworld respectively. ...the
Minoans intended a deliberate ambiguity between ‘horns’ and ‘mountain peaks’
because both the ox or cow and the mountain embrace the sun in mythical
thinking; in some ways they give birth to it. The Minoans deliberately played
with the form: horns look like mountain peaks… The Egyptians did the same, as
we see on a ceiling from the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">palace</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Malkata</st1:placename></st1:place>”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figures 12 and 13:</b>
The Minoan Calf with Double Axe (left) and a ceiling painting from the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">palace</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Malkata</st1:placename></st1:place> (from Marinatos, 2010)</span></div>
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What are we to make of all this? Is
there any further evidence that the sun disc and the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place> are morphologically cognate icons? Could
the sacred twin-peaked mountain really be equivalent to the ‘mountains of
Ararat’? As we shall now see, the forgotten solar cult teachings of the Old
Kingdom of Egypt hold a highly probable answer to these questions. </div>
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<b>THE TESTIMONY OF <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">EGYPT</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Bill Cooper sums up previous
interpretations of Egyptian origins when he writes: </div>
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<br /></div>
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“Concerning any distinct memories
of the Great Flood amongst the Egyptians, we have to say that almost all trace
of them is lost – or dimmed almost to the point of obliteration. Records
discovered so far make no mention of it – assuming there are no more surprises
in store…”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Well it seems that a huge surprise
is, in fact, in store! For it appears that not only did the early Egyptians
record the story of the Great Flood in great detail on their temple walls and papyri,
they also venerated the Ark and the cosmic twin-peaked mountain to the extent
that the whole Giza plateau with its central twin-pyramids and sphinx could be
one vast enigmatic representation of it - garbed in complex geometry!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
To explain this bold supposition,
we must begin with some of the most ancient cosmogonies of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> – from the four cult centres of <st1:city w:st="on">Heliopolis</st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on">Memphis</st1:city>,
Hermopolis and <st1:city w:st="on">Thebes</st1:city>.
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
In general, all four cosmogonies
relate the same story in different ways. The oldest and purist of the four
cosmogonies belongs to Thoth’s cult centre of Hermopolis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Robert Armour<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
notes an early papyrus which records of the ‘Ogdoad [or Eight] of Hermopolis’
account: “Salutations to you, you Five Great Gods, Who come out of the City of
Eight, You who are not yet in heaven, You who are not yet upon the earth, You
who are not yet illuminated by the sun”.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Figures 14 and 15:</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
The Ogdoad of Hermopolis depicted in Ancient Egyptian Icons (left) from Ancient
Egypt, edited by David P. Silverman, p. 121; photograph from the Book of
the Dead of Khensumose (right) Detail from the Astronomical Ceiling at the
Temple of Hathor at Iunet, first strip west (© Olaf Tausch)</span></div>
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He continues:</div>
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“The poem tells how, on the Island
of Flame, the primeval hill similar to the one on which Ra arose, the four gods
came into being at the same time; they were seen as some sort of force that
existed between heaven and earth…Each element brought with him his female
component, giving the total of eight elements. The group included Nun, the god
of the primeval ocean already seen in the mythology of Heliopolis, and his
consort Naunet; Heh, the god of the immeasurable, who with his consort Heket
was responsible for raising the sun; Kek, the god of darkness, and his consort
Keket gave the world the darkness of night so that the sun would have a place
to shine; and Amun, the god of mystery, the hidden, and nothingness, who with
his consort Amaunet brought the air which breathed life into everything. The
four males were depicted as frogs and the females as serpents swimming around
in the mud and slime of chaos…Eventually the eight elements came together and
out of their union came the primeval egg which could not be seen because it
existed before there was light. Out of the egg came the light of the sun which
the eight raised up into the sky”.</div>
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Veronica Ions adds more important
detail to the Ogdoad ‘cosmogony’ which we quote <i>in extenso</i>:</div>
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“The four male deities of the
Ogdoad were depicted in Egyptian art with frogs’ heads, and the four female deities
had serpents’ heads. This would seem to derive from another tradition in
Hermopolis which likened the eight primordial gods to the amphibious life which
swarmed…in the mud left behind by the annually receding <st1:place w:st="on">Nile</st1:place>
floodwaters. Thus instead of creating the primeval mound, the Eight would be
conceived as hatching out on to it. As in the other cult centres, the city was
declared to be on the site of the primeval hill. In a park attached to the
temple was a sacred lake called the ‘Sea of the Two Knives’ from which emerged
the ‘Isle of Flames’. This island was said to be the primeval hill and was a
great place of pilgrimage and the setting for much ritual. Four variants of the
creation myth as told at Hermopolis were connected with this lake and this island.
In the first, the world was said to have originated in a cosmic egg…this was
laid by the celestial goose which first broke the silence of the world and was
known as the ‘Great Cackler’. The egg, laid on the primeval mound, contained
the bird of light, Ra, who was to be creator of the world. Other sources said
that the egg contained air – a tradition more in keeping with the Ogdoad
legend. The remains of the egg were shown to pilgrims at Hermopolis. The second
version was similar to the first, except that in this case the egg was laid by
an ibis – the bird representing Thoth, god of the moon and of wisdom… The third
variant of the Hermopolitan doctrine reverted to the imagery of creation out of
the waters, and was exceptionally poetic. According to this version, a lotus
flower rose out of the waters of the ‘Sea of the Two Knives’. When its petals
opened the calyx of the flower was seen to bear a divine child, who was Ra. The
forth version of this legend was that the lotus opened to reveal a scarab
beetle (symbol of the sun); the scarab then transformed itself into the boy…
Indeed in Hermopolis the lotus was sometimes specifically identified with the
Eye of Ra. The lotus is a flower which opens and closes every day: it could
therefore easily be associated with the cult of the sun god, which it bore
within its petals. By opening his Eye, Ra was said to separate day from night…
The Ogdoad were said…to have created the lotus bearing the sun-god, and this
lotus rose out of the waters…”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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These accounts contain some highly
significant information derived from diverse Egyptian hieroglyphic texts
(principally the Papyrus Leiden 1350 (<st1:place w:st="on">New Kingdom</st1:place>
circa 1567-1085 BC). First, note from Armour that the myth concerns the ‘Eight
elements’ – four males and four females – the ‘ancestors of the gods’. This
bears a striking parallel to the biblical account of Noah and his family of
seven. Second, note the symbolism associated with each of the eight – Nun the
‘primeval ocean’. Of this same Nun ‘god’, Egyptologist Sung Hwan Yoo notes:</div>
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“In ancient <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> the sky
was often thought of as a watery region, and Nut was closely associated with
Mehet-Weret (<i>mhjjt wrt</i>) “Great
Flood,” a female counterpart of Nun. Sometimes envisioned as a cow astride the
earth, Nut was paired or even identified with Mehet-Weret who was shown as a
cow-headed woman or a cow carrying a child (J. Allen 1989: 16; B. Lesko 1999:
23-24; Pinch 2002: 163). In this connection, Mehet-Weret stands as a primeval
cow goddess who gave birth to the sun-god. It is interesting to note that
Mehet-Weret gave birth to the sun in the form of a calf, as mentioned in the
Pyramid Texts Spell 485A (Pyr. § 1029a-b) … “This Pepi has come to you, Re, a
calf of gold to whom Nut gave birth, a fatted calf of gold whom Hezat created”
(Barta 1984: 167). The statement calls to mind the fact that Ihy, regarded as
one of the sun-children, is born as a calf (Hoenes 1980: 125).”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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This is the same sacred animal
found in ‘<i>The Book of the Heavenly Cow</i>’<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
inscribed in the tombs of Seti I, Ramesses II and Ramesses III, which book
contains numerous parallels to the biblical flood.<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 16:</b> Mehet-Weret (<i>mhjjt
wrt</i>) <b> <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b>[35] </b></span></span></b>meaning “Great Flood,” along with the solar barque (boat) of Ra
underneath her leg and Shu holding up the heavens<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[36]</span></span></a></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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Also note the ‘coming forth by day’
or the rising of the sun, the darkness of night and the reference to life –
signified in many other accounts by the solar palm or tree of life. </div>
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Third, note the sacred lake called
‘The Sea of Two Knives’ and the ‘Isle of Flames’. This may be paralleled with
the twin-peaked mountain, as depicted in the form previously seen in Figure 9.
It may also bear significance for the waters of the flood and the first land
peaks seen after the waters receded:</div>
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“And the waters decreased continually
until the tenth month: in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, were
the tops of the mountains seen.” Genesis 8:5</div>
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Here we learn that the ‘Isle of
Flames’ was more like a ‘primeval hill’ or twin-peaked ‘mud mound’ rather than
a large volcanic mountain like Mount Ararat itself. At the same time, we learn
that it may have been called ‘The Great Cackler’ because it appears to have acted
as a natural harbour-nest or ‘guardian’ for the cosmic egg (or <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>) – hence the bird
imagery we have encountered previously. </div>
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Finally we learn two other
important facts which may bear deeper meaning:</div>
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In the first instance, we discover from
Ion’s text that the biconvex shape of the Eye of Ra was “specifically
identified” with the lotus flower in Hermopolis - and hence the sun disc also
because of the <i>koine</i> established by
Marinatos. Therefore, of large consequence is the fact that the Eye of Ra is
another allomorph of the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
itself. This is corroborated by Professor Finkel, who adds regarding the shape
of the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place> in
various cuneiform tablets: </div>
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“We can identify the characteristic
shape of the <i>makurru</i> [i.e. ark] with
the help of a geometrical diagram from the world of cuneiform educational
mathematics…. This shows two circles, drawn with one overlapping the other. Here
a Babylonian teacher is expounding the mathematical properties of the pointed
almond or biconvex shape generated by such intimate circles. We learn from him
at the same time that this shape is called <i>makurru</i>,
which will therefore evoke or correspond to the outline of a contemporary <i>makurru</i> boat, seen from above.<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn37" name="_ednref37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>”<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKjAW8iYH3COQAC1-SHvoTWL-x_5IkM1Sa9p3HOjtXmVvBsAujKf91QREqh9XeAeYPquSCflPvZKel9yMsafsPKJ-grunT2UqFygXYdd6Zd5IXaaaQ1doYoZ0A6eeJqCB44iUYGAVU6bal/s1600/vesica-pisces1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="129" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKjAW8iYH3COQAC1-SHvoTWL-x_5IkM1Sa9p3HOjtXmVvBsAujKf91QREqh9XeAeYPquSCflPvZKel9yMsafsPKJ-grunT2UqFygXYdd6Zd5IXaaaQ1doYoZ0A6eeJqCB44iUYGAVU6bal/s1600/vesica-pisces1.gif" width="200" /></a></div>
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In the second instance, we discover
that this entire Ogdoad ‘cosmogony’ was the subject of much ritual and
pilgrimage in the <st1:place w:st="on">Old Kingdom</st1:place>. This could be,
remarkably, the interpretive key to the whole of the <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city> plateau and the ancient pyramids.</div>
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Some explanatory background in the
euhemeristic interpretation of mythology is necessary here. In 1807, Jacob
Bryant published ‘<i>A New System; Or, An
Analysis of Ancient Mythology</i>’. In this work, Bryant made some logical
inferences of considerable importance for the Ark Studies Project. He noted
that: </div>
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“Such was the Gentile history of
the Deluge: varied indeed, and in some measure adapted to the prejudices of
those who wrote; yet containing all the grand circumstances with which that
catastrophe was attended. The story had been so inculcated, and the impressions
left upon the minds of men were so strong, that they seem to have referred to
it continually; and to have made it the principal subject of their religious
institutions. I have taken notice of a custom among the priests of Amon, who at
particular seasons used to carry in procession a boat, in which was an oracular
shrine, held in great veneration. They were said to have been eighty in number;
and to have carried the sacred vessel about, just as they were directed by the
impulse of the Deity. … I mentioned at the same time, that this custom of
carrying the Deity in an ark or boat was in use among the Egyptians, as well as
the people of Ammonia. … The ship of <st1:place w:st="on">Isis</st1:place> is
well known; and the celebrity among the Egyptians, whenever it was carried in
public. The name of this, and of all the navicular shrines was Baris: which is
very remarkable; for it was the very name of the mountain, according to Nicolaus
Damascenus, on which the ark of Noah rested; the same as Ararat in <st1:place w:st="on">Armenia</st1:place>.
… We may be assured then that the ship of <st1:place w:st="on">Isis</st1:place>
was a sacred emblem; in honour of which there was among the Egyptians an annual
festival. It was in aftertimes admitted among the Romans, and set down in their
Calendar for the month of March. The former in their descriptions of the
primary deities have continually some reference to a ship or float. … They
oftentimes, says Porphyry, describe the sun in the character of a man sailing on
a float. And Plutarch observes to the same purpose, that they did not represent
the sun and the moon in chariots; … but wafted about upon floating machines. In
doing which they did not refer to the luminaries; but to a personage
represented under those titles. The Sun, or Orus, is likewise described by
Iamblichus as sitting upon the lotus, and sailing in a vessel. … The same
memorial is to be observed in other countries, where an ark, or ship, was
introduced in their mysteries, and often carried about upon their festivals.
Pausanias gives a remarkable account of a <st1:placetype w:st="on">temple</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Hercules</st1:placename> at Eruthra in Ionia; which
he mentions as of the highest of antiquity, and very like those in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>. The
Deity was represented upon a float; and was supposed to have come thither in
this manner from Phenicia. … Aristides mentions, that at <st1:place w:st="on">Smyrna</st1:place>, upon the feast called Dionusia, a
ship used to be carried in procession. The same custom prevailed among the
Athenians at the Panathenæa; when what was termed the sacred ship was borne with
great reverence through the city to the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">temple</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Damater</st1:placename></st1:place>
of Elusis. … I think it is pretty plain, that all these emblematical
representations, of which I have given so many instances, related to the
history of the Deluge, and the conservation of one family in the ark. I have
before taken notice, that this history was pretty recent when these works were
executed in <st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place>,
and when these rites were first established: and there is reason to think, that
in early times most shrines among the Mizraim were formed under the resemblance
of a ship, in memory of this great event. … in the ancient mythology of <st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place>,
there were precisely eight Gods: of these the Sun was the chief, and was said
first to have reigned. … And as in the histories of their kings, the Egyptians
were able to trace the line of their descent upwards to these ancient
personages; the names of the latter were by these means prefixed to those
lists: and they were in aftertimes thought to have reigned in that country.
This was the celebrated Ogdoas of Egypt, which their posterity held in such
veneration, that they exalted them to the heavens, and made their history the
chief subject of the sphere. This will appear very manifest in their symbolical
representation of the solar system. … Thus we find that they esteemed the ark
an emblem of the system of the heavens. … The vessel in the celestial sphere,
which the Grecians call the Argo, is a representation of the ship of Osiris,
which out of reverence has been placed in the heavens. The original therefore
must be looked for in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>.
The very name of the Argo shews, what it alluded to; for Argus, as it should
truly be expressed, signified precisely an ark, and was synonymous to Theba. …
The principal terms, by which the ancients distinguished the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place>, were Theba, Baris, Arguz, Argus, Aren,
Arene, Arne, Laris, Boutus, Bœotus, Cibotus.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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Following Bryant’s pioneering euhemeristic analysis
of mythology, in Figure 16 we may recall that the cow Mehet-Weret, representing
the ‘Great Flood’ is ridden out by the <i>solar
barque</i> of Ra (or Sokar). Depictions of the Egyptian solar funerary barque
vary in detail yet contain fascinating information. Marinatos also makes the
connection between Egyptian barques and the solar deity in a different context
altogether. “Consider one example on an Egyptian Nineteenth Dynasty sarcophagus
[of Seti I – ed.] that shows the journey of the elongated polelike sun bark. It
ends in two ox heads and is pulled by deities. … Here, the ox heads define the
east and west axis of the pole. Thus, in Egyptian imagery the ox heads envelop
the sun’s course between east and west.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In
Figures 17-20 are shown some different renditions of this solar barque in
association with what might be the cosmic twin-peaked mountain:</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figures 17:</b> The
Solar Barque of the Ogdoad – from the papyrus of Anhai (or Ani)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 18:</b> The Funerary
Barque of Sokar – from the temple complex of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Dendera</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Note the falcon atop the palm standard.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 19:</b> Sokar
Barque in the Bull Hall of the <st1:city w:st="on">Temple</st1:city> of
Ramesses II at <st1:city w:st="on">Abydos</st1:city>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Note the Eight are here depicted in the form of birds – two larger, six
smaller.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 20:</b> The Sokar/Seker/Sokaris
or Henu Barque of the Underworld – </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">or divine boat of Nu from the Papyrus of
Anhai (Ani). </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Note (right) the falcon or sparrow-hawk atop the hieroglyph for
‘west’ </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">positioned between the peaks of the cosmic mountain</span></div>
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We may note from these reliefs and
glyphs a number of significant observations. First, the solar barque shown in
Figure 17 (from the papyrus of Ani) has Eight people standing within the barque
and one of them (the sun-god Heh or Kheper-Ra) is represented as a scarab
beetle lifting up the Sun. Another large ‘god-figure’ (Shu or Nun) stands in a
pose with their two arms either end of the barque supporting it. This pose may
be considered morphologically cognate to the twin peaks of the cosmic mountain
arising from the waters.</div>
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Second, note in Figure 18 from the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Temple</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Dendera</st1:placename></st1:place> that a falcon is standing atop
the binary symbol of a solar palm standard (which also doubles as a fish stood
on its mouth). Compare this with Figure 20 from the papyrus of Ani, where the
falcon (Sokar/Seker) is portrayed in the solar barque in a recumbent position
covered in white mummy bindings – possibly a recollection of the plaited palm
fibre which the Epic of Atram-Hasis mentioned was used in the ark’s
construction? What is the significance of the bird imagery? This seems to
elucidate Ion’s comment on the Ogdoad story that: “…the egg, laid on the
primeval mound, contained the bird of light, Ra, who was to be creator of the
world.” It also sheds light on why the sun disc is often associated with a
winged bird, a tradition carried into <st1:country-region w:st="on">Greece</st1:country-region>
via the Sun Bird or <st1:city w:st="on">Phoenix</st1:city>.
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Also notice that from the back of
the barque in Figure 20 arise what appear to be lines of rope holding what
could be interpreted to be approximately 20 drogue stones. This is significant,
as we shall discover in our final section on potential <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state> field data. Finally, observe that the
entire cult teaching of ancient <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>
was centred around these ritual barques – meaning that the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
and its allomorphs probably have significance for the geometry of the <st1:place w:st="on">Giza</st1:place> plateau itself.</div>
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Egyptologist Robert Temple has clearly
identified two geometric squares on the <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city>
plateau, which he terms the ‘<st1:street w:st="on">Shadow
Square</st1:street>’ and the ‘Perfect Square’. The <st1:street w:st="on">Shadow
Square</st1:street> was used to make the Perfect Square. Both
are associated with the sun, solar deities - and with the enigmatic hiding of
cultic dogma. </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 21:</b> The ‘Eye of Ra’ (or <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
‘<i>makurru</i>’ shape) geometrical
hieroglyph superimposed on <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city> plateau
satellite image (courtesy of <st1:place w:st="on">Temple</st1:place>,
2011, pg. 34. Also see footnote <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a> below</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>)</span></div>
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He observes that: “The first thing
one can do with the Perfect Square of <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city>
is to construct a giant Eye of Ra gazing upwards at the sky. It is a purely
geometrical design, which is not physically represented on the ground. However,
it is not just an arbitrary Eye of Ra, but is one which is constructed of two
arcs and a circle, each of which intersects key points of the Giza monuments…This
inscribed hieroglyph intersects (1) the apex of the Great Pyramid, (2) the
southeast corner of the Great Pyramid, (3) the midpoint of the waist of the
Sphinx, (4) the midpoint of the base of the western face of the Pyramid of
Chephren. If you take a compass point and put it on the centre of the Perfect
Square, point O, and draw a circle of radius OP, it intersects both point P
(the midpoint of the base of the southern face of the Great Pyramid) and the
midpoint of the base of the northern face of the Pyramid of Chephren. The ‘Eye
of Ra’ thus intersects six key points of the monuments within the Perfect
Square of <st1:place w:st="on">Giza</st1:place>.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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What immediately strikes one about
the ‘Eye of Ra’ secretly inscribed upon the Giza plateau underneath layers of
geometry is that the centre of the eye is precisely located in between the two
larger pyramids – in the same manner as other cosmic allomorphs of the Ark have
been too in our study of the <i>koine</i>.
This location matches precisely a real life location which David Deal<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
has proposed for the initial landing site of the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
near <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Mount</st1:placetype> <st1:placename w:st="on">Yigiturtagi</st1:placename></st1:place> in South-Eastern Turkey, based
upon a mud imprint which looks like the Durupinar boat-shaped object yet is
narrower. This imprint, seen via aerial photograph, is not central to the
twin-peak, but slightly off-set towards the peak on the left.</div>
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<b>THE CITY AND <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">TOWER</st1:placetype>
OF <st1:placename w:st="on">BABEL</st1:placename></st1:place> ON THE GIZA
PLATEAU?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Here, therefore, at Giza - we appear
to have a codified cult rendition of the cosmic ‘landscape of the gods’ found
in the <i>koine</i> – complete with the
twin-peaked mountain (the Great Pyramid of Cheops and the Pyramid of Chephren),
the Underworld or ‘mud sunken ark’ (represented by the shaft of Osiris which is
slanted at the golden angle of 26° 33̍ 54̎ - the angle David Fasold also found
to be a central design feature of his boat-shaped object) and subsequently the
passage of the Ark through the Underworld (represented by the Causeway of
Chephren leading towards the Sphinx). </div>
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What we have represented by the <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city> monuments is clearly
a ‘gate of the gods’ or in Akkadian itself ‘<i>Bāb-ilu’</i>, literally: gate of
god. This is true because the two larger pyramids strongly seem to represent
the cosmic twin-peaked <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">mountain</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Mashu</st1:placename></st1:place> or Nisir and the
Summer Solstice repeats annually the descent of the sun disc from the waters of
the Great Flood into the Underworld. Such a hypothesis would also suggest that
the original city of <st1:city w:st="on">Babel</st1:city> in Genesis 11 has
been misidentified as that famous city of <st1:place w:st="on">Sumerian
Mesopotamia</st1:place>. Remarkably, Coptic Cairo (next to the <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city> plateau) was in Persian times (6<sup>th</sup> century
B.C.) known as <st1:place w:st="on">Babylon</st1:place><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Further, the text of Genesis 11:3-4 reads: </div>
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“And they said one to another, Go
to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone,
and slime had they for mortar. And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and
a tower, whose top [is] unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be
scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.”</div>
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It is tempting to postulate that the
city <i>and</i> tower with its “top unto
heaven” mentioned in Genesis 11:4 could well refer to the Eye of Ra or <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state> hieroglyph geometrically
inscribed upon the plateau. The Hebrew word for ‘tower’ is <i>migdal</i> (MG-DL) – figuratively defined in Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon as
a ‘pyramidal bed of flowers’.<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> If
this supposition is correct, we might expect the Holy Bible to suggest this location
– and it does appear to. Genesis 11: 2 states: </div>
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“And it came to pass, as they
journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">land</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Shinar</st1:placename></st1:place>…”.
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This verse has been the subject of
much debate because the most obvious reading of the Hebrew word <i>miqqedem</i>, ‘from the east’, is highly
precise. Theologian John Gill comments that: “…it seems a little difficult how
to interpret this phrase, "from the east", since if they came from
Ararat in Armenia, where the ark rested, as that lay north of Shinar or
Babylon, they might rather be said to come from the north than from the east,
and rather came to it than from it: so some think the phrase should be
rendered, "to the east" (b), or eastward, as in Genesis 13:11.
Jarchi thinks this refers to Genesis 10:30 "and their dwelling
was", &c. at "the mountain of the east"…”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Yet as Humphreys notes: “The noun <i>qedem</i>,
in a geographic sense, means ‘east’, or sometimes ‘front’ (the front of the
tabernacle was its east side). According to lexicons, the Hebrew prefix <i>mi</i> (short for <i>min</i>) most often means ‘from’ (including when used as a prefix to
another Hebrew word). Hence we have ‘from [the] east’. Occasionally the phrase
may mean ‘to the east’, as is faintly possible in Genesis 13:11. But I think
use of a different preposition, l<sup> e</sup>, meaning ‘to’, would have been
more likely had that been the case. Very often, however, ‘eastward’ is a
different word, <i>qēdemah</i>, as in
Genesis 13:14, 25:6, Leviticus 1:16, Numbers 3:38, etc. So our first hypothesis
should be to take the phrase in Genesis 11:2 as meaning the Flood survivors
traveled from some point in the east, i.e. they travelled westward.<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>” </div>
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This clear and straightforward
interpretation creates a riddle, however, because assuming the mountains of
Ararat have been identified correctly, to reach Babylon of Mesopotamian
‘Shinar’ they would need to have travelled directly south for approximately 447
miles. So unless the growing family travelled south and then <i>entered the Sumerian plain from the eastern <st1:place w:st="on">Zagros Mountains</st1:place></i> this verse really cannot be
understood straightforwardly. Yet if it refers to crossing the Sinai Peninsula
and arriving at the <st1:place w:st="on">Giza</st1:place>
plateau it can be understood far more naturally. </div>
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Is there further evidence for this interpretation? Indeed, for John Gill
continues: “…they found a plain in the land of Shinar; which the Targum of
Jonathan paraphrases the land of Babylon; and Hestiaeus (c), a Phoenician
historian, calls it Sennaar of Babylon; there are plain traces of this name in
the Singara of Ptolemy (d) and Pliny (e), the Hebrew letter being sometimes
pronounced as "G", as in Gaza…”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
It is really not a far stretch from this to our modern name of ‘<st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city>’! “Sin-gara” may
even have reference to the moon god ‘Sin’, who also occurs as the high deity in
Finkel’s Ark Tablet<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn47" name="_ednref47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. </div>
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Indeed, a mud-brick lost city area
(known locally as <i>Gebel Qibli</i>) associated
with the <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city> plateau,
where those who actually constructed the pyramid monuments lived and ate, had a
population of approximately 20,000. These 20,000 appear to have built the
complex entirely voluntarily<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
This would fit naturally with the population increase after the Flood from the
Eight aboard the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
as they freely conspired to unify themselves under one banner. There even seems
good archaeological evidence that the settlement was abandoned in a rapid
salvage operation:</div>
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“Beneath the sandy layer lies a
compact surface of gray soil, which resulted from a rapid, seemingly
intentional, toppling of mud brick settlement walls. Inhabitants abandoned the
settlement and stripped nearly everything of value: wooden columns, stone
doorsteps, even many mud bricks.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn49" name="_ednref49" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span></div>
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This is just as Genesis 11:8 notes:
“So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth:
and they left off to build the city.”</div>
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Observe, moreover, that the Sphinx
guardian (possibly representing Sothis) is facing Eastwards toward the sunrise
and for interest compare Figure 21 – a photograph of the sphinx – with what
Smith describes of Figure 23: “An Egyptian picture of
Hathor between the mountains of the horizon (on which trees are growing) (after
Budge, "Gods of the Egyptians," Vol. II, p. 101). [This is a part
only of a scene in which the goddess Nut is giving birth to the sun, whose rays
illuminate Hathor on the horizon, as Sothis, the "Opener of the Way"
for the sun.]”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The correspondence is of considerable consequence – especially when one
understands that Hathor was often depicted with the sun disc between her bovine
horns (morphologically similar to the Minoan double axe of <st1:place w:st="on">Crete</st1:place>).
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 21:</b> The Sphinx between the twin peaks (from <i>The image of
the East : nineteenth-century Near Eastern photographs by Bonfils,</i> Carney
E.S. Gavin; edited by Ingeborg Endter O'Reilly, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><st1:city w:st="on">Chicago</st1:city> :
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Chicago Press</st1:placename></st1:place>, 1982)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 22:</b> The Summer Solstice sunset behind the Sphinx (© Juan
Antonio Belmonte) taken from ‘Area A’ – the lost workers’ city of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><i>Gebel
Qibli</i></st1:place></st1:city><i>.</i>
Note the Sphinx is slightly off-set from central - towards the pyramid on the
left.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 23:</b> The cow goddess Hathor between the twin peaks and framed
by a gate to the underworld </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(from Smith, 2007, Figure 26, pg. 189)</span></div>
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Viewing <st1:place w:st="on">Giza</st1:place> as an artificial ‘mountain-gate’, as the
ANE <i>koine</i> dictates, also has
consequence for our interpretation of Egyptian mythology. According to Ions:
“From the time when Ra returned to the heavens, an immutable order was
established for him. The world was bounded by mountains which supported the sky
and at whose foot was Naunet, the consort of Nun in Hermopolitan doctrine. The
sun was therefore reborn daily either from the watery abyss or alternatively as
son of the sky-goddess. He emerged in the east from behind Manu, the mountain
of sunrise, and passing between two sycamores, began his journey across the sky
in what was called the Manjet-boat, or ‘Barque of Millions of Years’.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn51" name="_ednref51" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
It seems that early post-flood
peoples of <st1:city w:st="on">Babel</st1:city>
wanted to make a name for themselves as ‘children of the ark’. They wanted to
represent the journey of the ‘life-saver’ <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
and the depth of the global flood, which they did via comparison with the
‘life-giving’ Sun disc, sailing across the deep blue sky, beginning from the
natural twin-peaked mountain in the east and descending to the underworld via
the artificial twin-peaked mountain in the west (i.e. the <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city> monuments).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Consider moreover that at the foot
of the Sphinx, behind which the Summer Solstice sun sets, we have two temples –
called the Sphinx and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Valley</st1:placetype>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">Temples</st1:placetype></st1:place> today. In ancient
times these probably belonged to Osiris (the god of ‘resurrection’) and Isis - and
were located near water (as evidenced by erosion). Inside these temples were
sacred artificial lakes and cultic boat relics. As Robert Temple notes, a golden
solar boat procession would proceed all around the <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city> area during the Festival of Sokar, which
we may understand as a pagan remembrance of the Great Flood<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn52" name="_ednref52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Many
boat pits have in fact since been discovered beneath the <st1:place w:st="on">Giza</st1:place> plateau, indicating that Robert Temple
cannot be far wrong in his reasoning.<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn53" name="_ednref53" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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<b>A LOCATION REVISTED:
DURUPINAR’S BOAT MAY BE NOAH’S ARK<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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From our study of Noah’s <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state> in ancient history, we have discovered much new
information regarding what the ancients believed about the location of the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>, its construction -
and possibly how it actually looked to them. There are, to date, four main
contenders for where the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place>
landed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><st1:place w:st="on">Mount Ararat</st1:place>
itself</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Durupinar</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">North-West <st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region>, (Sahand or Sabalan)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Cudi Dagh (Eastern or Central)</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<st1:place w:st="on">Mount Ararat</st1:place>
is an enormous volcanic mountain that contains many perils – therefore it is
unlikely to be the landing place. Sites three and four are unlikely due to
other reasons we shall not go into here. This study of the ANE <i>koine</i>, however, strongly suggests that
the northern slope of the twin-peaked <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Mount</st1:placetype> <st1:placename w:st="on">Yigiturtagi</st1:placename></st1:place>
(background of Figure 24), near the Durupinar Egyptian boat-shaped object
analysed by David Fasold, is the most probable location for the rebirth of
humankind.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: bold;">Figure 24:</b> In the
distance - distinctive <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">mount</st1:placetype>
<st1:placename w:st="on">Yigiturtagi</st1:placename></st1:place> (possibly
called Baris or Nisir) – the cosmic twin-peaked mountain with apparent Egyptian
basket-boat object in the foreground mud-flow (from Nissen, 2004)</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 25:</b> Life Magazine first published the Airborne Photograph of
the biconvex <i>makurru</i> boat-shape in
1960 (Image courtesy of Nissen, 2004, pg. 194)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 26:</b> The <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state> as reconstructed by
Fasold had many ‘Egyptian’ features including a 1 acre or 'iku' deck area - see Footnote <a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> below, and the natural golden angle in its curved bow and stern (Image courtesy of Fasold, 1988). This
boat-shaped object now deserves the benefit of the doubt since despite some believing it a doubly plunging syncline formation this does not explain the geometry of the object described here by S.R. Windsor: [WWW] http://www.creationism.org/patten/WindsorNoahsArkGeometry.html (Accessed on 08/02/14)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Important in corroborating this
particular twin-peaked mountain even further is the Babylonian map of the World
known as <i>mappa mundi</i>. Surrounding the
outer portion of this map were originally eight mountain icons in the shape of
triangles. These are known as <i>nagûs</i>.
Professor Irving Finkel notes that the cuneiform on mountain or <i>Nagû V</i> (which points towards the Urartu
area of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Mount</st1:placetype>
<st1:placename w:st="on">Yigiturtagi</st1:placename></st1:place> region)
reads: </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
“[To the fift]h, to which you must
travel seven Leagues, […]. [The Great Wall,] its height is 840 cubits; […].<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn54" name="_ednref54" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
This map is reconstructed by Finkel
on page 296, where the cuneiform is translated:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
“Great Wall, 6 leagues in between,
where the sun is not seen”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Interestingly, this name
corresponds directly to the description “wall of heaven” in the Epic of
Gilgamesh, where this same ‘wall’ is identified with <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Mount</st1:placetype> <st1:placename w:st="on">Mashu</st1:placename></st1:place>’s
twin peaks which guard the rising and setting of the sun. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Additionally, eleven apparent
drogue stones (used to create drag in the water) found nearby to the
boat-shaped formation correspond with images of the solar barque made in
ancient <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>.
Although there is some dispute about whether these stones are ancient drogue
stones, their apparent correspondence with the Egyptian bark of Sokar is
suggestive.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
The Ark of Noah, then, appears to
have come to rest between Yigiturtagi’s twin peaks (the geographically western
peak being known as Ziyaret Dag or Pilgrim’s Mount and the eastern peak being
known as Al Cudi – similar to Noah’s landing place ‘Al Judi’ in the Koran) and
been sheltered by the curved escarpment in between as the waters gradually
descended (this curved escarpment is a unique feature of the mount only truly
appreciated when viewed from the northern mud-flow). Only this explanation can
fully account for all the relevant twin-peak cosmic mountain iconography across
the whole ANE, <st1:place w:st="on">Eastern Mediterranean</st1:place> and
beyond.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
At some point soon after landfall,
the Ark appears to have been enveloped in the large mud flow (visible in Figure
24) which buried the reed, palm and wood structure underground so as to
transform the Lily/Lotus/Eye/Double Axe/Rosette or Cosmic Egg into the Underworld
‘Place of Descent’ of ANE mythology. The Egyptians, at <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city>,
probably captured the passage of the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
through the mudflow geometrically by building the Chephren Causeway between the
pyramids to represent where the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
first landed and where it later flowed to under gravity. Recall that the Causeway
ends in the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Temple</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Osiris</st1:placename></st1:place> (the god of
resurrection) which was built in front of the sphinx. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
At this point, the Egyptian model of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Mount</st1:placetype> <st1:placename w:st="on">Yigiturtagi</st1:placename></st1:place>
area corresponds in striking fashion, since right next to where the boat-shaped
object became more pronounced in AD 1948 is an area known by the name of ‘Mashur’<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn55" name="_ednref55" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
meaning ‘Resurrection’. Additionally, 13 miles away from Mount Ararat is the
area known as Doğubayazit, which during the Middle Ages was known as ‘<i>Terra Thamanin</i>’, or the ‘Region (or
Valley) of the Eighty’<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_edn56" name="_ednref56" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Is it sheer coincidence that this number precisely corresponds with the eighty Egyptian
priests of Amon, who Jacob Bryant has previously informed us used to carry a
sacred boat object in procession? It seems in all likelihood that this figure
precisely corresponds in Egyptian history and the etymology of ancient
Doğubayazit because the eighty priests were once associated with that specific
locality in South-Eastern Turkey.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
This thesis, based upon the ANE <i>koine</i>
inferred through the complex comparison of ancient icons from diverse
locations, accounts for the bizarre nature of the Egyptian cult system, which
was concerned with the symmetry of the heavens being replicated as in a mirror
on the ground – and the passage of the pharaoh’s soul after death. The cosmic
mountain (pyramids) at Babel acted as a ‘gate’ and ‘guardian’ for the Sun
(Ark), and when the Sun sank from the ‘Great Flood’ (cow) it passed into the
Underworld (mudflow) before being ‘reborn’ when Ra opened his Eye again
(earthquake or such like). Peer reviewed archaeological and scientific evidence
for the Durupinar site has <i>so far</i>
been less than adequate to make a firm objective decision either way about the
boat-shaped object. Archaeologically the site has yielded little firm evidence
which can be independently confirmed. Nevertheless, judging by the <i>koine</i> of ancient iconography we may
safely say the Ark of Noah has already been found – and verification of the
boat shaped object through excavation is now essential to settle the matter
conclusively. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Footnotes 1-3:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="Endnotereference">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Key to
Smith’s images in Figure 3: “(a) Winged Disk from the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Temple</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Thothmes</st1:placename></st1:place>
I. </div>
<div class="Endnotereference">
(b) Persian design of Winged Disk above the Tree of
Life (Ward, … Fig. 1109).</div>
<div class="Endnotereference">
(c) Assyrian or Syro-Hittite design of the Winged
Disk and Tree of Life in an extremely conventionalized form (Ward, Fig. 1310).
i.e. W. Hayes Ward ‘The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia’. 1910</div>
<div class="Endnotereference">
(d) Assyrian conventionalized Winged Disk and Tree of
Life, from the design upon the dress of Assurnazipal (Ward, Fig. 670).</div>
<div class="Endnotereference">
(e) Part of the design from a tablet of the time of
Dungi (Ward, Fig. 663). The Tree of Life (or the Great Mother) between the two
mountains: alongside the tree is the heraldic eagle.</div>
<div class="Endnotereference">
(f) Design on a Cretan sarcophagus from Hagia Triada
(Blinckenberg, Fig. 9). The Tree of Life has now become the handle of the
Double Axe, into which the Winged Disk has been transformed. But the bird which
was the prototype of the Winged Disk has been added.</div>
<div class="Endnotereference">
(g) Double axe from a gold signet from Acropolis
Treasure, Mycenæ (after Sir Arthur Evans, "Mycenæan Tree and Pillar
Cult," p. 10).</div>
<div class="Endnotereference">
(h) Assyrian Winged Disk (Ward, Fig. 608) showing
reduplication of the wing-pattern, possibly suggesting the doubling of each
axe-blade in g.</div>
<div class="Endnotereference">
(i) "Primitive Chaldean Winged Gate" (Ward,
Fig. 349). The Gate as the Goddess of the Portal.</div>
<div class="Endnotereference">
(k) Persian Winged Disk (Ward, Fig. 1144) above a
fire-altar in the form suggestive of the mountains of dawn…</div>
<div class="Endnotereference">
(l) An Assyrian Tree of Life and Winged Disk crudely
conventionalized (Ward, Fig. 691).</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
(m) Assyrian Tree of Life and "Winged Disk"
in which the god is riding in a crescent replacing the Disk (Ward, Fig. 695)”</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Also
see: [WWW] http://www.egyptiandawn.info/chapter1.html (Accessed on 10/2/14).</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Fasold,
ibid, 1988, pg. 130 and Finkel, <st1:place w:st="on">I.</st1:place> ibid, 2014,
pg. 359. </div>
</div>
</div>
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<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><b>References and Endnotes:</b></div>
<div>
<b><br clear="all" /></b>
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Marinatos, N. <i>Minoan Kingship and the
Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine</i>. USA: University of Illinois Press, 2010. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Cooper,
B. <i>The Authenticity of the Book of
Genesis</i>, Creation Science Movement, p.162, 2011. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Humphreys, R. Where is Noah’s <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>?
– a closer look at the biblical clues, <i>J.
Creation</i> <b>25</b>(3):6-8, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Habermehl, A. A Review of the Search for Noah’s <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>,
in Snelling, A. (ed.), <i>Proceedings of the
Sixth International Conference of Creationism</i> (<st1:city w:st="on">Pittsburg</st1:city>,
<st1:state w:st="on">PA</st1:state>; <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Dallas</st1:city>,
<st1:state w:st="on">TX</st1:state></st1:place>: Creation Science Fellowship;
Institute for Creation Research, 2008), p.485-502. Also see: [WWW] http://www.creationsixdays.net/ICC6-41.pdf
(Accessed on 15/02/14). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Crouse,
B. and Franz, G. Mount Cudi – True Mountain of Noah’s Ark. <i>Bible and Spade</i> 19.4, pp. 99-111, 2006. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
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<div id="edn45">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref45" name="_edn45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Humphreys, R. ibid, 2011, p. 7.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn46">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref46" name="_edn46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Gill,
J. ibid, 1748. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn47">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref47" name="_edn47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Finkel,
<st1:place w:st="on">I.</st1:place> ibid, 2014, p. 364-365.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn48">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref48" name="_edn48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Egyptian Pyramids – <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Lost</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">City</st1:placetype></st1:place> of the Pyramid
Builders – AERA found at: </div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
[WWW] http://www.aeraweb.org/projects/lost-city
(Accessed on 03/02/14). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn49">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref49" name="_edn49" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lehner,
M. The Pyramid Age Settlement of the Southern Mount at <st1:place w:st="on">Giza</st1:place>, <i>Journal
of the American Research Center in Egypt</i> <b>39</b>,<b> </b>pp.27-74, 2002. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn50">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref50" name="_edn50" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Smith,
ibid, 2007, p. 189.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn51">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref51" name="_edn51" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ions,
V. ibid, 1997, p. 40.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn52">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref52" name="_edn52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <st1:place w:st="on">Temple</st1:place>, R. ibid, 2011, p.
321.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn53">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref53" name="_edn53" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ancient
Egyptian Solar Ships. [WWW] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_solar_ships
(Accessed on 03/02/14).</div>
</div>
<div id="edn54">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref54" name="_edn54" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Finkel,
<st1:place w:st="on">I.</st1:place> ibid. 2014, p. 272.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn55">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref55" name="_edn55" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Nissen,
ibid, 2004, p. 252.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn56">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/Noah's%20Ark%20Paper/Noah's%20Ark%20in%20Ancient%20History_Final_v1.doc#_ednref56" name="_edn56" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Fasold,
D. ibid, 1988, p. 229.</div>
</div>
</div>
The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-21137035290098332012013-02-17T00:38:00.001-08:002013-02-17T00:48:41.744-08:00Can Pharaoh Shishak be identified with Seti I? What is the Evidence?<br />1. At Thebes in Egypt, on the wall of the Temple of Amun at Karnak we find: "The Shasu-bedouin [i.e. Semitic foot wanderers] are plotting rebellion. Their chiefs have gathered together in the hills of Kharu (= Syria-Palestine). They have fallen into chaos and are fighting and each one is slaying the other. They do not obey the laws of the Palace!" - This would seem to refer to the in-fighting between Judah and Israel under kings Rehoboam and Jeroboam.<br /><br /><br />2. "Presentation of tribute by His Majesty to his father Amen...consisting of silver, gold, lapis-lazuli, turquoise, red jasper and every sort of precious stone. The chiefs of the hill countries are in his grasp to fill the workshops of his father Amen." - This would seem to refer to the vast gold, silver and precious stones given to Solomon by the Queen of Sheba (1 Kings 10:10), which Shishak plundered from what he calls ‘God’s land’ and its capital ‘Pekanon’ - possibly Jerusalem or Samaria. The great riches plundered would soon be melted down and used to establish Ramses II as one of the greatest builders of temples/monuments in Egyptian history!<br /><br /><br />3. Seti wrote about himself on his Beth Shan Stela: "He causes to retreat the princes of Syria (Kharu), all the boastfulness of whose mouth was (so) great. Every foreign country of the ends of the earth, their princes say: "Where shall we go?" They spend the night giving testimony in his name, saying: "Behold it, behold it? in their hearts." - This could be a reference to the wisdom of Solomon 'whose mouth was so great'. He had the admiration of 'every foreign country of the ends of the earth'. In fact, the Lord Jesus Christ noted that the Queen of Sheba came from 'the ends of the earth' to visit Solomon because of his fame.<br /><br /><br />4. The Merneptah Stele says: "Israel is devastated, it has no more seed". Under David Austin's new chronology, this seems to refer to the reign of Queen Athaliah in Judah - the point at which the tribe of Judah lost all but one of its kings to the Queen's rage. The Memeptah Stele even records the name 'Israel' with an Egyptian prefix meaning 'tribe of Israel' - not the whole nation. The reign of Seti I under the chronology of Velikovsky is approx. 729-714 BC. Add to this 168 years and you obtain what is probably the 5th year of Rehoboam (897 BC) in the New Chronology of David Austin. If you also add 168 years onto the reign of Merneptah as suggested in Velikovsky (i.e. 647-637 BC) it is right bang in the middle of Athaliah's reign (i.e. 808 BC). This means that Merneptah is very probably referring to the murder of the heirs of Judah under Athaliah's wicked reign . This frame-shift of 168 years gave me the identification of Pharaoh Shishak as Seti I, since Merneptah probably wrote his stele 89 years after Seti I's campaign into Israel and Judah. This was the point in my studies when I checked the bas-reliefs on the north wall of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak in Thebes, Egypt, and identified the other evidence for his invasion under king Rehoboam.<br /><br /><br />5. A Scarab with the cartouche of Seti I was found in an Egyptian-style tome in Jerusalem - probably the house which Solomon built for his Egyptian wife (D. Rohl, The Lost Testament). This proves Seti (or his soldiers) were in Jerusalem - just as Scripture says.<br /><br /><br />6. Seti I would have invaded Judea from the 'Ways of Horus' (defeating the fortified cities of the Shasu (ancient Jews) on the way). He would have done this in the first year of his reign (897-882 BC) under David Austin's New Chronology.<br /><br /><br />7. In this first campaign, precious stones were plundered (given to Solomon in 1 Kings 10:10), a series of forts - each with a well - were taken captive on the way to Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 12:4) and the workshops of Amun were filled with booty. We must also remember that Karnak records this Seti also invaded Lebanon - and Solomon's 'House of the Forest of Lebanon' where Shishak plundered the 300 golden shields may have been located in Lebanon rather than being misidentified as the Temple of Jerusalem. I'm convinced the 'House of the Forest of Lebanon' is shown as the town of 'Yenoam' in Canaan at Karnak, which is surrounded by trees (as in a forest setting). When I first saw this relief, I didn't notice a detail which is astonishing confirmation. If you look closely, the top of the relief shows those overwhelmed guards holding rectangular shields. These are some of the very same golden shields the Scriptures mention in the plunder taken by Seti I! Also, comparing this image with the one of the 'town of Canaan' (i.e. Jerusalem) on the bas-relief, you notice that one of the same trees (a cedar of Lebanon I believe) is found next to the House of the Lord or Temple of Solomon in what looks like the City of David - high on an acropolis.<br /><br /><br />8. The victory stelae at Bethshan also notes a messenger who tell's Seti: "The despicable foe who hails from the town of Hamath has gathered a large force, capturing the town of Bethshan, and in league with the people of Pahil he has prevented the chief of Rehob from getting out. So his majesty dispatched the first division..." - This probably has reference to Hadoram, who was the chief tax collector for king Rehoboam. In 2 Chronicles 10:18 he is stoned by the people (prevented the chief of Rehob from getting out) and Rehoboam escapes to Jerusalem by chariot where he quickly raised an army of 180,000 chosen warriors. This is the event that made Seti I invade the land of Israel and Lebanon.<br /><br /><br />9. In 2008, in the largest tomb of the Valley of the Kings - that of Seti I, archaeologists also found clay vessels, fragments of the tomb's painted wall reliefs, and a quartzite ushabti figure. These appear to date from between 1090 and 945 BC, confirming that Seti probably reigned far later than the orthodox chronology suggests. The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-20744030104639029152013-01-26T04:40:00.001-08:002013-01-26T04:40:41.607-08:00From Noah to HerculesHistorian Brian Forbes has conducted a study of ancient history which is remarkably complementary to my own, although both are independent studies. You can read his published study in his excellent book: "From Noah to Hercules" (2010), which I discovered on a creationist website just days ago. Exciting times for biblical ancient history!The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-31688160326178749852012-12-23T15:08:00.003-08:002012-12-30T13:54:33.133-08:00Joanna Lumley: The Search for Noah's Ark (Review)This documentary aired on ITV-1 at 9:00pm on Sunday 23rd of December. The production was an interesting, reasonably balanced and informative account of what many people believe are the remains of Noah's Ark - but the detail was rather lacking. I have just a few points to make. First, as you will discover from the ancient history paper posted previously on this blog, Mount <span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">Yigityatagi in south-east Turkey, taken as the real location of the Ark's landing place, is confirmed through a study of ancient near eastern iconography. The cosmic twin-peaked mountain was where the 'cosmic egg' and 'tree of life' first resided. The sacred mountain was seen as a prop which separated 'heaven and earth', and on this hill 4 elements arose along with their 4 consorts. Comparison of ancient Minoan, Egyptian and Syrian icons and texts suggests that what Fasold and Wyatt discovered in the mud-flow probably is the Ark, having been transported in the mud from the twin peaks. That remnants of the Ark were still visible in the first and second centuries is confirmed by historians such as Josephus, who mentioned pilgrims scraping off bits of it as talismans. Second, the Scriptures clearly teach that the flood of Noah was a global cataclysm lasting over a year. There would be no rationale to include birds on the Ark, or to emphasize that all the high hills under the whole heaven were inundated, if it were only a local catastrophe. For more in-depth information on this whole topic, I would recommend the books <i>Earth's Catastrophic Past</i> Volumes 1 and 2, written by Dr. Andrew Snelling and </span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">Nissen, H. (Trans. Skondin, T.) (2004). </span><i style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">Noah’s <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place></st1:state> Uncovered: An expedition into the ancient past</i><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">. </span>The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-40826695251235700662012-08-28T17:45:00.002-07:002012-08-28T18:01:39.595-07:00Why Bill Nye is WRONG regarding Teaching Creation!<br />
Ok - the much admired <i>Bill Nye the Science Guy</i> of Disney Channel fame has recently waded into the origins controversy with a short 'talking head' slot on the 'Big Think' <i>YouTube</i> Channel.<br />
<br />
Sadly, given Bill's great pedagogic skill of packing wacky facts into short memorable soundbites, two and a half minutes are more than enough time for him to expose considerable 'custard-brains' on this particular subject!<br />
<br />
His very first sentence is a blatant fallacy which betrays astonishing misconceptions of the creation/evolution controversy:<br />
<br />
Bill Nye: "Denial of evolution is unique to the United States..."<br />
<br />
Hmmm...regrettably that is:<br />
<br />
ABSURDLY WRONG! <i>Historically</i>, protesting against the ideology of evolutionary humanism actually began long ago in the Mediterranean Middle-East where some of the first recorded rationalistic philosophies were constructed. This protest set a deep and rich historical precedent in the second and third centuries <i>anno Domini - </i>which heavily influenced subsequent centuries<i>.</i><br />
<br />
Using Holy Scripture, the early church fathers utterly refuted the Ionian Greek philosophers who often argued (via <i>proto</i>-evolutionary notions) that the world was ancient or even eternal. These creation apologists included: Barnabas (b. AD 100), Irenaeus of Lyons (ca AD 120-202), Clement of Alexandria (c AD 150-215), Julius Africanus (c AD 160-240), Hippoplytus of Rome (AD 170-236), Theophilus of Antioch (c AD 180), Origen (AD 185-253), Methodius (AD 260-312), Lactantius (ca AD 260-330), Eusebius of Caesarea (AD 263-339), Victorinus of Pettau (d. ca AD 304), Ephrem the Syrian (AD 306-373), Epiphanius of Salamis (AD 315-403), Basil of Caesarea (AD 329-379), Augustine of Hippo (AD 354-430), Cyril of Jerusalem (d. AD 387), Ambrose of Milan (AD 339-397), Bede of Northumbria (AD 673-735) and John of Damascus (ca AD 675-749). ALL these teachers understood the seven days of the creation week as EITHER normal, literal 24ish-hour days OR corresponding (in an eschatological-typological sense) to seven ages of a 7,000 year world history. ALL these early teachers, therefore, without exception, were <i>explicitly and</i> <i>unequivocally Young-Earth Creationists - contrary to the fatuously ignorant (and often pernicious) claims of old-earth heretics.</i><br />
<br />
During the Middle Ages the received biblical tradition (<i>clearly taught by the Lord Jesus Christ Himself in Mark 10:6, Mark 13:19-20 and Luke 11:50-51)</i>) of a Young Cosmos was maintained by (among others) Peter Lombard of Paris (d. AD 1164), Hugo of St. Victor (AD 1097-1141), Thomas Aquinas (AD 1225-1274) and Giacomo Filippo Foresti da Bergamo (AD 1434-1520).<br />
<br />
During the Ages of Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment (including the Early Modern Period), <i>a full-bodied Young Earth Creationist doctrine was faithfully maintained</i> by many authorities of repute in Science and Theology.<br />
<br />
These included: Johannes Werner (AD 1468-1522), Martin Luther (AD 1483-1546), Wolfgang Musculus (AD 1497-1563), Philip Melanchthon (AD 1497-1560), Peter Martyr (AD 1499-1562), Heinrich Bullinger (AD 1504-1575), John Calvin (AD 1509-1564), Rodolphus Gualterus (AD 1519-1586), Francois Hotman (AD 1524-1590), Benito Arias Montano of Spain (AD 1527-1598), Zacharias Ursinus (AD 1534-1583), Joseph Scaliger (AD 1540-1609), Guillaume Salluste DuBartas (b AD 1544), Francisco Suarez (AD 1548-1617), Hugh Broughton (AD 1549-1612), Gervase Babington (AD 1550-1610), Lancelot Andrewes (AD 1555-1626), William Perkins (AD 1558-1602), <i>Annotations from the Geneva Bible</i> of AD 1562, Andrew Willet (AD 1562-1621), Johannes Polyander (AD 1568-1646), Johannes Kepler (AD 1571-1630), Henry Ainsworth (AD 1571-1622), Thomas Gataker (AD 1574-1654), William Ames (AD 1576-1633), John Diodati (AD 1576-1649), Rabbi Lipman (AD 1579-1654), John Richardson (AD 1580-1654), James Ussher (AD 1581-1656), Petavius of France (AD 1583-1652), the <i>Irish Articles</i> of AD 1600, John Trapp (AD 1601-1669), John Lightfoot (AD 1602-1675), George Hughes (AD 1603-1667), Roger Drake (AD 1608-1669), Francis Roberts (AD 1609-1669), John Owen (AD 1616-1683), the <i>Annotations of Dordt</i> of AD 1619, Thomas Manton (AD 1620-1677), Thomas Watson (AD 1620-1686), Francis Turretin (AD 1623-1687), the <i>Dordrecht Confession</i> of 1632, Ezekiel Hopkins (AD 1633-1689), Thomas Vincent (AD 1634-1678), the <i>Haak Bible</i> of AD 1637, William Beveridge (AD 1637-1708), Niels Steensen of the Netherlands (AD 1638-1686), Isaac Newton (AD 1643-1727), the <i>Westminster Confession of Faith</i> of AD 1646, the <i>Westminster Annotations</i> of 1657, Johann Osiander of Germany (AD 1657-1724), the <i>Congregational Savoy Declaration</i> of AD 1658, Mathew Henry (AD 1662-1714), John Woodward (AD 1665-1722), Thomas Ridgeley (AD 1667-1734), Thomas Boston (AD 1676-1732), the <i>Baptist London Confession</i> of AD 1689, John Gill (AD 1697-1771), John Wesley (AD 1701-1791), Johann Lehmann (AD 1719-1767) and Alexander Catcott (AD 1725-1779).<br />
<br />
In the Modern Age, <i>orthodox Young Earth Creationist teaching continued</i> with tenured, erudite Scientists and Theologians such as: Richard Kirwan (AD 1733-1812), Thomas Scott (AD 1747-1821), Andrew Fuller (AD 1754-1815), Thomas Gisborne (AD 1758-1846), Granville Penn (AD 1761-1844), George Bugg (AD 1769-1851), Adam Clarke (AD 1772-1832), Richard Mant (AD 1776-1848), George Young (AD 1777-1848), George D'Oyly (AD 1778-1846), Andrew Ure (AD 1778-1857), John Murray (AD 1786-1851), George Fairholme (AD 1789-1846), Michael Faraday (AD 1791-1867), William Rhind (AD 1797-1874), Franz Pieper (AD 1852-1931), George McReady-Price (AD 1870-1963), Louis Berkhof (AD 1873-1957), Valentine Hepp (AD 1879-1950), Herman Hoeksema (AD 1886-1965), and Henry M. Morris (AD 1918-2006).<br />
<br />
Present-day Scientists and Theologians who protest evolutionary deep time all over the world are too many to list on a short blog article such as this! Furthermore, individual protests have multiplied such that since the year 1865, when the <i>Victoria Institute</i> began a powerful critique of Darwinism in England, a whole variety of scientific institutions, charities and think-tanks have arisen to critique evolutionary theory across the globe. One of the first was the <i>Evolution Protest Movement</i> founded in 1932:<br />
<br />
(see: <a href="https://www.csm.org.uk/whoweare.php">https://www.csm.org.uk/whoweare.php</a> for further information).<br />
<br />
A list of just some of the more recent groups providing counter-evidence and alternative explanations can be found online here:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.biblicalcreation.org.uk/links_to_other_sites.html#creationandorigins">http://www.biblicalcreation.org.uk/links_to_other_sites.html#creationandorigins</a><br />
<br />
<br />
Bill Nye: "Once in a while I get people that really...or that claim, they don't believe in evolution. And my response generally is why not? - really - why not? Your world just becomes fantastically complicated when you don't believe in evolution..."<br />
<br />
Answer: Well, Bill, quite apart from the illustrious heritage of Bible believing saints, scholars and hard-nosed empirical scientists outlined above (all of whom rejected evolutionary history with its logical positivist or Hegelian historicist world-views) there is a large and growing body of evidence that suggests evolution over billions of years never actually happened!<br />
<br />
Personally, I think a potentially fantastically complicated world-view (such as orthodox Christian Theism can become given hard study of both natural and special revelation) is a rather exciting prospect for any student to consider in Science class! A 'world-view' is, after all, meant to be a view of the 'whole world' isn't it? And this planet is a rather complex and diverse place to live on don't you think?!<br />
<br />
WOWZERS BILL!!<br />
<br />
Let's allow parents, teachers and students a little freedom to ponder these great issues no?!? The History of Science certainly has something to teach us all! Or are your motives, along with Sagan, more ideologically-driven than you really make out? :-) Go figure...<br />
<br />
<b>Sources:</b><br />
<br />
Jackson, P.W. (2006:14-19). <i>The Chronologers' Quest: The Search for the Age of the Earth</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
<br />
Kulikovsky, A.S. (2009:59-84). <i>Creation, Fall, Restoration: A Biblical Theology of Creation</i>. Scotland: Christian Focus Publications.<br />
<br />
Mortenson, T. and Ury, T. (2008:53-89). <i>Coming to Grips with Genesis: Biblical Authority and the Age of the Earth</i>. Arizona: Master Books.<br />
<br />
Sarfati, J. (2004:107-139). <i>Refuting Compromise: A Biblical and Scientific Refutation of "Progressive Creationism"</i>. Arizona: Master Books.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-89679819432679996862012-02-23T13:33:00.000-08:002016-04-10T07:17:24.204-07:00Ancient History Revisited<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Back to the Sources! – What Church Reformers Believed about <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ancient History and Why it Matters - By J.C.L. Powell<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introduction</span></b></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Have you ever
wondered what the Reformer Martin Luther believed regarding the ancient history
of our world? Surprisingly, he didn’t follow Herodotus (the so-called ‘Father
of Histories’) but chose instead to critically accept considerable portions of a
more detailed account which was alleged to come from Berosus the Chaldean
Priest. Today, however, this account is widely considered totally spurious and
Luther is believed to have been mistaken concerning its overall authenticity. In
place of a biblically consistent history, a new inconsistent approach has since
arisen that places the origin of humanity in the context of assumed ‘deep time’
(Shryock and Smail, 2011). This radical paradigm shift had its roots in an
unorthodox study of the stone hand-axes of Hoxne in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Suffolk</st1:place></st1:city> by John Frere in 1797 ‒ and further
interpretations of axes in the River Somme, France, some six decades later. It
was then that Joseph Prestwich presented a paper to the Royal Society and John
Evans introduced ‘deep time’ to the Society of Antiquaries (Renfrew, 1976:23). During
the same year these men were advocating vast ages (i.e. 1859), <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Darwin</st1:place></st1:city> published his <i>Origin of Species </i>– and the rest, they say, is history. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In this article, however,
I want to share with you some new evidence suggesting that Dr. Luther’s
understanding was correct after all. Frere, Prestwich, Evans and Darwin have
regrettably mislead generations of historians and anthropologists ever since. In
place of deep time, we present a model to structure the synthesis of sources which
have slowly been pieced together. Hopefully, a new generation of bible
chronologists and archaeologists will be inspired to investigate this neglected
archaic period for themselves - and come to similar conclusions!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Searching for the
Beginning: Establishing a Numerical Time-Frame<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> First, a sensible beginning
for human history and coincidently the beginning of cosmic time itself must be
sought. If you were to pick up any ‘authoritative’ work of history or
archaeology these days, be it <i>The Times
Complete History of the World</i>, Barry Cuncliffe’s <i>Europe Between the Oceans</i> or J. M. Roberts’ <i>History of the World</i>, you would be told that history began long,
long ago in the pre-human past. 700,000 years have supposedly elapsed since the
beginning of human activity (c.f. Stringer (2006) and Menzies (2011), with
‘hominid’ activity stretching back 9 million years before present. These figures
contrast starkly with a beginning date calculated from the inerrant Word of God
– the Holy Bible - which in fact is our <i>only</i>
sure foundation for historical knowledge. One such Scriptural approximation (valid
from 2012 A.D.) is 6,274 years from the beginning of creation. This places Adam
and Eve in 4266BC and the Global Cataclysm in 2610BC. How did this author
arrive at these dates and how much weight should we attach to them? Well, more
than 128 calculations from Scripture have at one time or another been proposed
for the creation - and the arguments surrounding them are still ongoing today! The
evolutionist H.G. Wells described Archbishop Ussher’s famous date of 4004BC as
a ‘fantastically precise misconception’ founded upon ‘rather arbitrary
theological assumptions’. In fact, Wells himself was far more arbitrary in his
calculations than Ussher! Our approach at derivation probably isn’t the last
word on the subject, but it did involve consulting dozens of experts and
carefully weighing their arguments against numerous Scriptural references
(using ‘direct equivalence’ in Hebrew translation) – so I shall try to limit an
answer to just one sentence! The date 4266BC was obtained through a synthesis
of authorities; concluding a superiority of the Masoretic text over the
Septuagint (Jones, 2005 contra Setterfield, 1999); no gaps in the family lists
of Genesis 5 and 11 (Niessen, 1982 contra Robinson, 1999); a long period of 430
years for Israel in Egypt<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(Bowden, 1998 contra Viccary, 2007); 594 years of sovereign theocracy from the
Exodus to Solomon’s 4<sup>th</sup> year<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> - and
a Persian period of just 123 years (Austin, 2008a, 2008b and 2011 contra Jones,
1993 and Ussher, 1658 trans. 2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Having established a
clear timeframe <i>solely from the best</i> <i>biblical scholarship</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, the
next logical step was to examine other reliable sources and carefully seek out
any obvious synchronisms. Considering the wealth of contradictory yet so-called
‘reliable’ histories available at our fingertips, it was hard to know where to
start! An old quotation swiftly answered this problem: “The one infallible
connecting link between sacred and profane chronology is given in Jeremiah
25:1: ‘The fourth year of Jehoiakim, which was the first year of
Nebuchadnezzar.’ If the events of history had been numbered forward from this
point to the birth of Christ, or back from Christ to it, we should have a
perfectly complete and satisfactory chronology.” (Anstey, 1913 in Mauro, 2001).
Now according to <st1:city w:st="on">Austin</st1:city>’s careful Scriptural synchronisation
of the divided kingdoms of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Judah</st1:country-region>
and <st1:country-region w:st="on">Israel</st1:country-region>, the forth year
of Jehoiakim was 524BC - meaning that this is when Nebuchadnezzar II most
probably <i>began</i> his Assyrian reign (<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Austin</st1:place></st1:city>, 2011). So
assuming a ‘short’ Persian period of 123 years, here was a significant
synchronism ‘anchor point’ on which to build a larger, more reliable timeline (c.f.
Figure 1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Meanwhile, many fragments
of Ancient and Classical historians had been accrued and a long list of
Assyrian/Babylonian rulers from Noah to Nebuchadnezzar’s Father<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> drawn
up – a total of precisely 42 Monarchs<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(in most instances with their respective regnal years from Eusebius)<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
These rulers are also listed in Figure 1, where alternative name spellings are
separated via a comma. Numbering the events of history back from 524BC, it was
now possible to offer a revised chronology of this most obscure period,
independent from the (spurious) high dynastic chronology of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region>. From
this revived Assyrian/Babylonian chronology was pieced together a revised
history of the ancient world using all the historical and archaeological knowledge
gleaned along the way. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In terms of
references, the historical and archaeological reconstruction presented in this
article has been drawn from a wide array of sources ancient and modern, but
special attention has been paid to Richard Lynche’s ‘<i>An Historical Treatise of the Travels of Noah into Europe</i>’ (Lynche,
1601)<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. This
remarkable little book, which mentions giants like Goliath<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(9-11 feet tall), uses phrases such as ‘our Lord Jesus Christ’ and faithfully maintains
the multi-century life-spans and long virility that people reached in early
times<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
has been criticised as deeply misconceived, poorly sourced, legendary and
fictitious. To be fair, Lynche’s small volume is indeed heavily reliant upon the
highly controversial work of an Italian Friar named Annius a.k.a. Giovanni
Nanni<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(c. 1432-c. 1502), whom many scholars claim was a consummate fraudster. Nanni declared
that his source, Berosus, had been the curator of the temple library at <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Babylon</st1:place></st1:city> and had access to
written records of human history back to the time of Adam. The chain of textual
transmission had been Adam, Noah, Nimrod, Berosus, Turkish monks etc. Some
scholars may therefore consider much of the following material rather worthless.
However, the very latest historical and archaeological research now appears to
be proving many of the so-called ‘fabulous’ or ‘outlandish’ claims astonishingly
accurate and Nanni is gaining far greater recognition as an authentic source<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>! Knowing
that mud does tend to stick to scholars once thrown – and those throwing the
most of it (just after Nanni’s death) were actually secular humanists with
large axes to grind, it became necessary to personally examine Lynche’s
chronology with a fine tooth-comb. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Does this eyebrow
raising chronology really stack up? Can my revised chronology of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Babylon</st1:place></st1:city> shed any new
light on Lynches timeline of events? I will leave the reader to make up their
own mind about how well these questions have been answered. There is a complex diffusionist
story yet to tell, which few will have heard before! In reading this rich and
detailed account, bear in mind that the material you are about to consider suggests
that if Nanni were a genuine source, Lynche was correct in many historical
details, yet failed to accommodate his timeline to a robust numerical foundation
(from either Scripture or the Assyrian-Median Empires). Having provided this
foundation and added numerous details from modern sources, I personally believe
this record is reasonably accurate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Noah’s last 350 years:
2610 – 2260 BC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Our account of
ancient times begins in 2610BC<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> with
just eight people and a whole lot of animals eighteen miles south of Mt.
Ararat (Agri Dagi) - in Eastern
Turkey (Fasold, 1988 and Nissen, 2004). Here the Ark, looking something like a
giant vegetable gourd<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
had come to rest 100 yards from the twin-crests of Yigityatagi (‘the cradle/bed
of the heros’ also called Mount Mashu<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
Wall of Heaven, the ‘twin peaks’<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, the
Minoan ‘horns’, Mount Nizir, and the ‘Island of Flame’<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>) and
its precious cargo had disembarked into Naxuan (Nachidsheuan, Noakh-Tsywn, ‘Place
of First Descent’) – see Figure 3. Soon they discovered the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>’s
anchor stones and built a village there called Arzap (now Kazan) – where the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state></st1:place> first came to rest.
This became known as the ‘Place of the Eight’. After 25 years<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
Noah (a.k.a. Ouranos, Oenotrus, Inachus,
Nüwa, Nanna, Ianus, Argus, Nu, Nun, Geȋnos Autochthon, Janus, Olybarma, Oxygus,
Arsa, Khasisadra, Xisuthrus, Patecatl, Manes) along with his wife Titea (a.k.a.
Tytea, Tydia, Terra, Gaw Bo-lu-en, Nut, Naamah, Naunet, Vesta, Hestia, Aretia,
Gaia, Moone, Kuvav, Kufav, Cybele, Kubaba, Kug-Bau) and family travelled
north-east from the Ararat (Kurdish) mountains and using the Ark’s anchor
stones built the megalithic monument Zorats Karer (Qarahunge) near Sisian in
Turkey<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Next
they travelled south-west and built <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Urfa</st1:place></st1:city>
(a corruption of Arsa<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>),
establishing a sacrificial temple in Gobekli Tepe<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. In
2573BC, Salah (Shelah) was born to Arphaxad (Arip-hurra, Arraphu, Arpachiya)
the son of Shem and according to God’s command, Noah encouraged the chief heads
of his family to disperse abroad into various lands. Disobeying his advice, many
family members<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> instead
travelled south-eastward and together they found a plain in the <st1:placetype w:st="on">land</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Shinar</st1:placename>
(<st1:place w:st="on">Babylonia</st1:place>). There, to make a name for
themselves, they began the construction of a city with a 600-foot ziggurat
composing seven levels (and a pagan astrological temple at its pinnacle)<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Five
years after Peleg was born<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
i.e. some 106 years after the Cataclysm, in 2504BC, God came down upon their
‘Tower of the Seven Lights of the Earth’ in a great whirlwind<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and confused the people’s common language. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Upon hearing news of
this event, Noah, having already moved north with Shem to plant a vineyard near
Tanais (now Nedvigovka village) on the north coast of the Sea of Asov (Lake
Maeotis, Maeetis) in modern-day Russia<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
built the very first post-flood ships and set sail with his sons on a 10 year
voyage<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
to establish boundaries. Sailing around the <st1:placetype w:st="on">Sea</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Asov</st1:placename> and Black Sea, then through
the Dardanelles (keeping the coastline always in view), he appointed all the
lands of Asia to Shem (his middle child), all the tributaries of Africa to Ham (his
younger) - and all the tributaries of <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>
to Japheth (the elder). In this careful manner, at various key locations around
the <st1:place w:st="on">Mediterranean Sea</st1:place>, Noah left small
language groups with minimal provisions (such as livestock, tools and seed).
Returning to his vineyard in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Armenia</st1:country-region></st1:place>
(Russia/Turkey), Noah then began to establish monarchies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Between 2478BC and
2465BC, 5 principal monarchies were established at Noah’s command<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Babylonia was established under the leadership of the young giant Nimrod
(Nembroth, Ninus I, Nebrod, Nebros, Spotted-one, ‘Leopard-tamer’, Saturn) the son of
Cush (Khum of Erech, Asbolus – who’s descendants inhabited <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Saudi Arabia</st1:country-region></st1:place>). <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region> (Almaign) was inhabited via the <st1:placename w:st="on">Danube</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">River</st1:placetype>
settlements of Lepenski Vir and Vinča in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Serbia</st1:place></st1:country-region> ‒ and was established under
Tuyscon (Tuitsch<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>), Noah’s
own son. He left <st1:country-region w:st="on">Turkey</st1:country-region> with
his sibling wife (Araxa the Great – Noah’s daughter) plus 31 others and built
Koeln-Deutz (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Cologne</st1:city></st1:place>).
Meanwhile, the chief sons of Japheth, who first founded the city of <st1:city w:st="on">Aleppo</st1:city> (Magog) in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Syria</st1:country-region><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
were each given 3 monarchies in <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>. Kytim
(<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Kittim</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Italy</st1:country-region></st1:place>) was established under Gomer
(Cormerus Gallus) the son of Japheth. <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region>
was established under Tubal the son of Japheth (together with Tarshish his cousin)
- and Gallia-Samothea (<st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region>
and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>)
under Meshech (Samothes Dis) the son of Japheth. This Meshech arrived in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">France</st1:place></st1:country-region> in
2446BC aged 139 years old, where he was gladly accepted by the indigenous people
Noah had first left there - who had begun to build woodland settlements. <st1:country-region w:st="on">Britain</st1:country-region> and <st1:place w:st="on">Northern Europe</st1:place>
at this time were still inhospitably cold from the little ice age, and weren’t
inhabited until many centuries later<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Javan
(Iamanu, Yauna, Iawones, Iawan, Yuban) the son of Japheth, together with his
son Elishah (Elisa), founded eastern parts of Greece (the Ionians<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>)
and the Cyclades of the Aegean Sea, while Madai (Amada, Medai, Mada) founded
the Medes in western Iran<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Shem and his sons in
the mid-third millennium BC also founded various settlements in <st1:place w:st="on">Asia</st1:place><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Elam (Elamtu, Elymais, Elymaei, Haltamti, Huju, Huz) founded Persia, Asshur
founded Assyria and built the city of Ur<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
Arphaxad founded Chaldea, Lud founded western Asia Minor, Aram (Aramu) together
with his sons Uz, Hul (Huleh, Ul, Hula), Gether (Gather) and Mash (Mashu,
Msh’r, Mishal - from whom Damascus received its name) founded parts of Syria and
modern-day Israel<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Meanwhile
in eastern China - Ham (Kronus I, Amynus, Anu, Utu, Shamash, Belus I, Phoroneus
i.e. ‘Apostate’, Ouranos II, Pan, Geb, Zoroast, Saturn, Æthiop, Atys, Attis, Hoshang, Esenus, Epigeius) instituted Feng Shan sacrifices at Mount Tai in modern day Shandong
province, under his Chinese alias of Huang-Di<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(one of China’s ‘Three Sovereigns’ or ‘Fu Xi’ meaning ‘bottle gourd’ children<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn37" name="_ednref37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
the other two being Jah-phu and Shennong, or Lo Shen). Ham’s other sons
inhabited various lands: Put (Phut, Puta, Putiya, Pydw, Putu-iaman) founded
North Africa near <st1:city w:st="on">Carthage</st1:city> and Canaan (Kna’an,
Kn’nw, Kyn’n.w, Kinnahu, Kinahne) settled in the land later given to <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Israel</st1:place></st1:country-region> (Jacob)
– south of the Aramaeans (Aramu). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In 2440BC, Noah desired to visit his monarchs
and so left Russia and Turkey under the leadership of Shem and his Nephew Sabatius
Saga (son of Cush) and travelled to Hyrcania (Iran), Mesopotamia, Arabia Felix
(Yemen) and Lybia (western Lower Egypt or the Nile Delta). From its first
inhabitation in 2427BC, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region>
was ruled jointly by 8 chiefs for 217 years and then 15 chiefs for 443 years<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Here
in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>, Triton the son of
Gog, grandson of Sabatius Saga (Sabah) and great grandson of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cush</st1:place></st1:country-region>
entertained him<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Only
months afterward, Triton died leaving Hammon (Ammon) as chief of <st1:place w:st="on">Lower Egypt</st1:place>. Noah gave a daughter named Rhea (Gē, Gaia,
Nammu, Neith) in marriage to Hammon and promptly set sail for <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region></st1:place> to visit his grandson Tubal. By
Rhea, Hammon had an heir named Dionysius (Kronus II)<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Meanwhile,
in the 56<sup>th</sup> year of Jupiter Belus’s (Betylus) life (2367BC) – who
later ruled Babylon - his father<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ham
grew proud ruling in Lower Egypt and decided to invade Greece (where he united
the scattered Argives into the city Phoronicum – later called Argos from Argus
his grandson<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> – and
then Italy, usurping the throne from Ashchenaz the son of Gomer and corrupting
the youth with wicked practices. Noah – who had travelled from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region> to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Italy</st1:country-region>
to visit Gomer – found out about this transgression and expelled Ham’s tribe to
the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Island</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Sicily</st1:placename></st1:place><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
in the year 2342BC. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In 2335BC, Noah
built a city in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Italy</st1:country-region> –
where over two millennia afterward the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Vatican</st1:country-region></st1:place> was established<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Some 65 years past, without significant recorded incident, by which time Ham had
grown powerful in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Sicily</st1:state></st1:place>.
Noah, in collaboration with Hammon of Lower Egypt, sent three daughters (Rhea,
Astarte and Dione) to the island in an attempt to overthrow him. Yet learning
of their intentions, Ham gained power over them and forcefully took them as
wives – along with two others (Eimarmene and Hora) who were sent later with
troops to make war on him<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
In 2264BC, Sabatius Saga, the former regent of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Armenia</st1:country-region>
(<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Turkey</st1:place></st1:country-region>)
who was then living in Italian exile with Noah, died. Noah himself – growing tired
and frail – appointed Cranus Razenus as his successor in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Italy</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Subsequently,
the Great Patriarch died in 2260BC, precisely 350 years after the Cataclysm
(Genesis 9:28).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">From Abraham to Moses:
2253 – 1537 BC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Meanwhile, the
perceived treachery of Hammon (Ham’s own descendent via <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Cush</st1:country-region></st1:place>) filled Ham with guile. In
plotting revenge on his father’s main ally, he began construction of a fleet of
warships with his infamous son Typhon (Titan, Poseidon, Neptune). (The sons of
Poseidon were feared giants who usurped kingdoms wherever they sailed<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>).
Across from <st1:state w:st="on">Sicily</st1:state>, in Mesopotamia at this
time in the city of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ur</st1:place></st1:city>,
Terah fathered Abram (Abraham) (born in 2253BC<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn47" name="_ednref47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>),
who came from an idolatrous family but was later chosen by God to bless all
nations through the promise of the Messiah who would be born from his lineage. Three
years after the birth of Abram (Abraham), and ten years after his father’s
death, Ham seized his opportunity to dominate and invaded <st1:place w:st="on">Lower
Egypt</st1:place> via its sea ports. Defeating Hammon, he banished him and his
smaller ship-fleet – which fled to the <st1:placetype w:st="on">Island</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Candia</st1:placename> (later called <st1:place w:st="on">Crete</st1:place>) to hide<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Centuries
passed and the civilizations in Crete and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place> began to flourish. Crete and the
volcanic <st1:placetype w:st="on">Island</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Thera</st1:placename> together with western <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Morocco</st1:place></st1:country-region> (Ammonia)
grew into the famous maritime civilization of Atlantis (Menzies, 2011), who’s
chief city was Lixus (</span>Maqom Semes)<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. When Abram (Abraham) reached 100 years old, in 2153BC, he
together with Sarah had Isaac – the child of God’s covenant promise. Salah the
son of Arphaxad (the son of Shem) died 13 years afterward at the age of 433
years old. Eber his son survived him by 61 years, but lost his throne to Ham by the year 2079 BC, who by that time ruled all Persia as well as Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> When Isaac reached
60 years old, he and his wife Rebecca had Jacob. This Jacob endured a great
famine in the <st1:placetype w:st="on">land</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Canaan</st1:placename> before entering <st1:place w:st="on">Lower Egypt</st1:place>
in 1963BC, under a regent of Ham named Timaus – possibly the Pharaoh who knew
Joseph. Some 30 years later, his descendents – who were known as ‘Shepherds’ or
‘Hyk-shos’ i.e. ‘Shepherd-Kings’ - began to be oppressed and enslaved by the
Egyptian <i>nation</i> (Genesis 15:13-14). The
Israelite kings, also later called ‘Hapiru Captives’ or ‘Apiru’, continued
after Joseph - Saites, Beon, Pachnan, Staan, Archles and Aphobis<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn49" name="_ednref49" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Nearly
100 years after Jacob’s entry, in 1869BC, Nimrod died at the age of 609<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and
was succeeded in Babylon by Jupiter Belus (Betylus) the son of Ham, who ruled a
further 62 years. He was succeeded by the war-hungry Nynas (Ninus II)
(1807-1755BC) of the Assyrian city of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nineveh</st1:place></st1:city>,
whose wife was Semyramis I<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn51" name="_ednref51" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. In
1862BC, Meshech (Samothes Dis) of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">France</st1:place></st1:country-region> died aged 723 years old and
was succeeded by Magus his son. This Magus was the first ruler of <st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region> to found permanent stone townships
and to tend flocks<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn52" name="_ednref52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
He gave his name to many ancient towns including Noviomagus, now called Neufchȃteau
and Rhotomagus, now called <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Rouen</st1:place></st1:city>.
In 1811BC, Magus was succeeded by Sarron (Sydyk, Syduk, Sydic, Suduc, Sadykos,
Apollo, Chiron) know as ‘The Just’. He married a daughter of Ham and had Asclepius
(Eshmun, Imhotep, Tosorthrus – 2<sup>nd</sup> ruler of the 3<sup>rd</sup>
(contemporary!) Dynasty of Egypt, a skilled healer). Sarron and his family founded
universities and places of learning such as megalithic stone henges to
carefully observe the stars - and he was Father of the Cabiri (8 sea-fearing
brothers who discovered herbs, antidotes and charms and were venerated as healing
gods throughout the Mediterranean, Asclepius being their youngest member)<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn53" name="_ednref53" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region>, meanwhile,
Tuyscon was succeeded by his son Mannus in 1978BC. Mannus had three sons who reined
after him<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn54" name="_ednref54" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, Eingeb
(Ing) from 1906BC, Ausstaeb (Istaev) from 1870BC and Herman from 1820BC. This former
Eingeb had a Semitic general in his army named Brygus (Brigus, Phrygus,
Castellum – the son of Mash, the son of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Aram</st1:country-region>
the Syrian, the son of Shem in Genesis 10:23) - who in 1651BC became the 4<sup>th</sup>
king of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Spain</st1:place></st1:country-region>
after the reigns of Tubal, Iberus and Eubalda (Inbalda) respectively<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn55" name="_ednref55" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. The
descendants of this King Brygus relocated to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Turkey</st1:country-region>
and founded Phrygia, where the city of <st1:city w:st="on">Dardania</st1:city> (<st1:city w:st="on">Troy</st1:city> I) or <st1:place w:st="on">Ilion</st1:place> (Troy
II-VI) was later built. In <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>,
Mers, the son of Herman, began his reign in the year 1757BC and after him
Gambrivises (Gampar) reigned (1711-1667BC) as <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s seventh King<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn56" name="_ednref56" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Casting our
historical gaze back upon the idyllic civilization of Crete, the descendents of
Hammon grew rich through a prosperous trade network of merchant-ship vessels –
stretching even as far as western <st1:country-region w:st="on">Morocco</st1:country-region><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn57" name="_ednref57" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and <st1:place w:st="on">South America</st1:place> (via the trade winds)<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn58" name="_ednref58" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
In 1767BC, Ham, now extremely old, forced Rhea (Gē) in Lower Egypt to give him
his youngest son whom he named Mizraim<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn59" name="_ednref59" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(Osyris, Zeus, Apis, Serapis, Sesostris, Ammanemes, Misor, Misir, Mizru, Musri,
Kronus III, Kumarbi, Demaroon, Dionysus II, Danaus, Jupiter Ammon, Jupiter of
Acts 14:12, Hammurapi of Babylon?<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn60" name="_ednref60" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, Menes
the Thinite, Bacchus, Aithiopais, Ramesses II, Misphragmuthosis,
Alisphragmuthosis, Armesses, Armais, Epaphus, Epopeus, Enlil, Enki, Elus, Ea, Ilus,
Thamus). The very next year, however, Dionysius (Kronus II) the aforementioned
son of Hammon, sailed from Crete and took back Lower Egypt (Memphis, Avaris,
Heliopolis etc) from Ham by siege. In the siege, baby Mizraim was seized and
Dionysius adopted his infant half-brother as his own child. Being kindly
towards Mizraim he appointed his elder brother Dagon (a skilled tutor also
called Olympicus, Oannes, Siton) to train him<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn61" name="_ednref61" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Humiliated
by defeat, Ham together with his infamous son Typhon (Set, Seth, Suphis,
Sethos, Sethon, Sethosis, Poseidon, Ophion, Neptune, Chebros, Cheops, Ramesses
I, Chembres, Chebres, Zu, Anzu, Imdugud) - from his first wife Noegla - fled to
an obscure part of Upper Egypt (Nubia/Ethiopia – possibly Thebes). In 1755BC,
the same year in which Semyramis I became Queen of Babylon<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn62" name="_ednref62" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
Ham had a daughter by Rhea whom he named Isis (Ceres, Iuno, Juno, Io, Frugisera,
Legisera, Feronia). Soon afterward, he grew discontented in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Ethiopia</st1:country-region> and left Typhon in charge so he could take
leave to travel far-east once again and subdue the country of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Bactria</st1:country-region> (<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:place></st1:country-region>). Before this, however,
he had appointed a large area of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Greece</st1:country-region></st1:place> to his wife Astarte (Aphrodite,
Venus, Ashteroth of Genesis 14:5, Inanna, Ishtar). The young Isis travelled from
Upper Egypt to this Astarte in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Greece</st1:place></st1:country-region>
via the south-west Mediterranean trade current. There, she was made a Priestess
of Hera in the city of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Argos</st1:place></st1:city>.
In these days the Minoan/Pelasgian cult of the bull was popular in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> and throughout the Mediterranean, and
Astarte, together with <st1:place w:st="on">Isis</st1:place>, wore a replica bull’s
head with horns as a mark of sovereignty whilst travelling – as is still attested
by certain stone reliefs until this day<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn63" name="_ednref63" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In 1705BC, after the
death of Queen Semyramis I and in the 8<sup>th</sup> year of the reign of her
son Ninus III (Ninyas, Zames, Zameis, Horus, Ninus the Younger) of <st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city>,
Mizraim unified Upper and Lower Egypt through a marriage contracted with his
sister Isis – who was taken from <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Argos</st1:place></st1:city>
to be with him. A year later, they had their eldest son in Lower Egypt whom
they called Lehabim (Hercules, Heracles, Lubicus, Sesosis II, Horus, Hermes
Trismegistus, Athothes, Thoth, Taautus, Tantalus, Thoor, Thoyth, Teshub, Sandes,
Dorsanes, Sol Deus, Samdan, Melicarthus, Melkarth, Melqart, Baal of Tyre,
Marrhus, Marduk, Merodach, Moeris, Myris, Moloch of the sons of Ammon<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn64" name="_ednref64" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, Mercury,
Mercurius of Acts 14:12, Ma-fors, Mavors, Osymandes, Ismandes, Mendes, Lachares,
Orus, Athur, Oro, Odin, Ninurta, Ningirsu, Adad, Hadad, Asarluhhi, Ishkur,
Pathrusim). This union and child angered Typhon (Titan) of Upper Egypt, who still
saw <st1:place w:st="on">Lower Egypt</st1:place> as his rightful inheritance. Fierce
war between Lower (Olympian) and Upper (Titan) Egypt ensued for 19 years, Typhon
engaging in successful border invasions (beginning the drawn-out ‘Ethiopic War’<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn65" name="_ednref65" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>) with
his younger half-brother Mizraim - whom he despised as illegitimate. Mizraim
(Apis), in turn, despised the foreign ‘Shepherds’ or ‘Hapiru/Apiru’ who were still
inhabiting his kingdom and posing a potential foe. By this time he had forced
them into the city of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Avaris</st1:place></st1:city><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn66" name="_ednref66" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> (‘Sacred
to Orus’, Athur, Athur-ai, Abur, Abaris, Cercasora) and enslaved them in his
work-force for over 200 years, but they were growing both in strength and
number. In 1685BC, Ham and Typhon together invaded Assyria and Babylonia from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Bactria</st1:country-region> (<st1:country-region w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:country-region>)
and <st1:country-region w:st="on">Ethiopia</st1:country-region>, but their
pincer attack was repelled by Ninus III and they were forced to retreat towards
Phrygia and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Lydia</st1:place></st1:country-region>
(western Turkey/Anatolia).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Earlier that same
year<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn67" name="_ednref67" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, Mizraim
had sought to instruct foreign populations in the great learning of Lower Egypt
and to establish his eldest son as heir of all <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place>. Setting off on a 9 year
journey<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn68" name="_ednref68" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> with
a large multi-national army lead by Lehabim, his eldest son, and Athena
(Minerva, Myrina) his daughter (Queen of the Amazons<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn69" name="_ednref69" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>),
he taught those in Palestine (under his elder brother Dagon)) advanced skills
of agricultural farming, and thereafter set sail for Phutea (Ammonia, north-west
Africa or Morocco) to subdue a rebellion and invasion of Egypt by the
civilization of Atlantis (whose Moroccan civilisation - Ammonia - under Hammon had
previously been usurped by one Antheus (Antaeus, Atlas) the tyrannical son of
Ham and subsequently devastated by an Atlantic Tsunami - which had also
destroyed Isis’s (Juno’s) Athenian fleet of Greeks who were then at war with
them<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn70" name="_ednref70" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>).
Here, Mizraim’s army was opposed by Antheus <a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn71" name="_ednref71" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
yet he was defeated by Lehabim in single combat, during which battle he picked
his opponent up, crushed him to death and threw him into a deep cavern in the
earth and buried him with flints<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn72" name="_ednref72" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, after
which their army passed quietly into Ethiopia, the Persian Gulf/Red Sea and then
on into India (where on two mountains at the mouth of the Ganges they set up
pillars). From there, they heard of Ham and Typhon’s attack on Assyria and so passed
rapidly northwards into <st1:place w:st="on">Babylonia</st1:place>. Hearing
from Ninus III (Ninyas) about Ham and Typhon’s retreat towards Phrygia (Turkey),
Mizraim, Lehabim and a contingent of Babylonian soldiers led by prince Arius (Agron,
Argon<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn73" name="_ednref73" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>)
the son of Ninyas pressed ahead and overtook Ham laying an ambush for his
father near the spring of Eflatun Pinar (in central Turkey). There, having
surrounded Ham (Atys, Attis) unawares, Mizraim castrated him - and his blood
flowing into the spring, he died of the wound<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn74" name="_ednref74" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Moving into the city of <st1:city w:st="on">Mansia</st1:city>, near <st1:placetype w:st="on">Mount</st1:placetype> <st1:placename w:st="on">Sipylus</st1:placename>
(<st1:place w:st="on">Olympus</st1:place>), Mizraim (Zeus) pursued after
Typhon. Yet Mizraim’s tyrannical grandson Busiris (Belus, son of one <st1:country-region w:st="on">Libya</st1:country-region>, who was a daughter of Ephaphus (Apophis))
was approaching from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Syria</st1:country-region>
(Phonecia, <st1:place w:st="on">Canaan</st1:place>) in the South. In response
to this, Mizraim appointed Lehabim’s son Balaneus (Alcaeus, Alcymus, Alciamus,
Adrysus, Cleolaus, Lemnos, Agelaus) as regent of Mansia and accompanied an army
of Lydians led by <st1:place w:st="on">Ashkelon</st1:place> (Ascalon, the son
of Hymenaeus who was Lehabim’s brother) to defeat the Syrians. Here Mizraim
built a walled city and called it <st1:city w:st="on">Byblos</st1:city>
(modern-day Gebal) and prince <st1:place w:st="on">Ashkelon</st1:place> built
the city of that bore his name (Judges 1:18). In 1680BC, however, knowing
Typhon had made use of the time bought by his ally Busiris, Mizraim returned to
Manisa, which Typhon had under siege. There he subjugated his already half-defeated
half-brother and gave Balaneus (Alcymus) charge of the city. From here, he sailed
through the Dardanelles of Greece but was denied passage (past modern <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Istanbul</st1:place></st1:city>) by Lycurgus who
was Typhon’s son. At first, all approaches of the Egyptian fleet were repelled,
but eventually they succeeded in breaching the city and Lycurgus was defeated in
single combat – being replaced by a young Egyptian army commander named Maron
(Oeagrus)<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn75" name="_ednref75" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Throughout the year
1678BC, Mizraim was victorious over many more petty kings in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Greece</st1:place></st1:country-region>, where
he appointed Macedon his son as sole regent. After these victories on the
mainland, he sailed to the <st1:placetype w:st="on">Island</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Candia</st1:placename><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn76" name="_ednref76" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[76]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> (<st1:place w:st="on">Crete</st1:place>) where he defeated Milinus and appointed a son from
whom descended the Curetes<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn77" name="_ednref77" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[77]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
From Crete, Mizraim and Lehabim journeyed to Noah’s Tanais<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn78" name="_ednref78" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[78]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(modern day Nedvigovka village) and Asov (Asgaard) on the Sea of Asov (Maeotis,
Maeetis) in Russia and there ended their 9 year conquest. Here, they almost
lost their army due to food shortages and the strong defences of the Scythian
Castle Asgaard – which took over 20
years to breach. Eventually, Lehabim’s younger half-brother Targitaus (Tanais,
Tanaus) was appointed king of the city, from which it derived its name. Whist still
besieging the powerful fortress near Tanais, however, Lehabim became enthralled
in a romantic relationship with the Scythian Princess Araxa <a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn79" name="_ednref79" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[79]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(Aruru, Ninhursag, Ninkharsag, ‘Lady of the <st1:placename w:st="on">Sacred</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">Mountain</st1:placetype>’) the daughter of King
Gambrivises (Gampar) of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn80" name="_ednref80" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[80]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Seeking
her father’s permission in marriage, he began a long voyage with Mizraim
through <st1:country-region w:st="on">Hungary</st1:country-region> and towards her
German home via the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Danube</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">River</st1:placetype></st1:place>. In 1672BC, they
greeted Gambrivises in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>
and built villages and cities on the banks of the <st1:place w:st="on">Rhine</st1:place>,
from which grew the famous House of Austria. The following years saw a long cross-cultural
exchange take place between <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>
and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place>,
Mizraim (a.k.a. Apis) instructing the Germans in agriculture and the art of growing
vines<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn81" name="_ednref81" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[81]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. King
Gambrivises was honoured to have such famed guests and soon accepted Lehabim as
his son-in-law. Princess Araxa was given to be his wife and together they had a
son called Tuscus. This Tuscus, later king of Italy, had a son called Altheus
(born 1652), the father of Blascon (born 1612), the father of Camboblascon (born
1582), the father of the brothers Herperus (Isius, Jasius, Jason, </span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">Hespanus, Ephas, Ephah, Apher</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">) and Ophren (Epher,
Afran, Atlas Kittim, Jardanes, Iardanus, Dardanus – born 1552, who build the
settlement of Dardania (Troy I) in the reign of Allobrox of France approximately 1320BC)</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn82" name="_ednref82" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[82]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In 1575BC,
Armatritis became the 9<sup>th</sup> king of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Babylon</st1:place></st1:city> (numbered from Nimrod c.f. Figure 1).
In the very same year, Betus (Boetus) the son of Tagus Orma (Malot Tages,
Tegarama, Takarma, son of Gomer) became the 6<sup>th</sup> king of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn83" name="_ednref83" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[83]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> (this
<st1:place w:st="on">Tagus</st1:place> was of the Italian dynasty and had
usurped the Spanish dynasty from Brygus in 1605BC). In 1548BC, the inhabitants
of Italy - who after the death of Cranus Razenus had been ruled by Aurunus (son
of Aram), Tagus Orma and Sicanus (son of
Tagus) - sent messengers to Mizraim in Germany, asking for Egyptian help to
overthrow the petty kings (Enachi Tyrants, Enakii Lukii) who were mercilessly oppressing
them. Mizraim agreed to their pleas and invaded <st1:country-region w:st="on">Italy</st1:country-region>
that same year – defeating the tyrants and ruling there for 11 years in the
city of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Virerbe (or Vetulonia) where Lehabim built a fortified settlement</st1:place></st1:city><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn84" name="_ednref84" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[84]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. In
1537BC, when Mizraim was 230 years old, he was challenged by Betus of Spain,
who was outraged with the Egyptian attack on his Italian cousins. Thus, leaving
a nephew named Lestrigo as regent of Italy (over the Ianigenes), Mizraim and
Lehabim travelled through France on their way towards Spain (where in France one
Celtic King Lucus then ruled, who was the son of Bardus II, the son of Longho,
the son of Bardus I, the son of Drÿus, the son of aforementioned Sarron ‘The
Just’<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn85" name="_ednref85" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[85]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>).
With the aid of his Lybian regent Gerion Asex (Aureo, Auro, Aureus, Chryseos, Deabus
– son of Hiarba the son of Hammon) from <st1:place w:st="on">Lower Egypt</st1:place>,
Mizraim defeated King Betus. This joint pincer-attack became known in Spanish
histories as the African invasion, recorded in Greek myth as the war with the
giants. In place of Betus, Mizraim allowed Gerion<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn86" name="_ednref86" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[86]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
as <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Spain</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s
7<sup>th</sup> king to exploit its vast gold reserves<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn87" name="_ednref87" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[87]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> through
slavery. Mizraim and Lehabim, however, founded the city of <st1:city w:st="on">Barcelona</st1:city><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn88" name="_ednref88" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[88]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and then travelled to rule resplendently in the city of <st1:city w:st="on">Argos</st1:city>,
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Greece</st1:country-region></st1:place>
– where his wife Isis had spent her childhood. About this time, Tnephachthus
(Technatis) the petty king ruling over the Saite Nome of Egypt died and his son
Bocchoris<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn89" name="_ednref89" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[89]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(Bakhor, Pehor, Rathos, Rathosis, Rhemphis, Rhampsinitus, Amasis, Asychis, Amenemhet
III, Amos, Thummosis, Bakenranef, Wahkare, Lord of the Two Lands) was
established as Pharaoh. He ruled in greed and heavy taxation for 6 years,
acquiring the delta city of <st1:city w:st="on">Tanis</st1:city>, before his entire
army (and his personal horse) were destroyed in the <st1:place w:st="on">Red
Sea</st1:place> and he was captured by Sabacon (Sabacos, Shabaka, Aktisanes) the
Ethiopian-Nubian-Kushite. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">From the Exodus to the First
Trojan War: 1533 – 1180 BC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In 1533BC, the 4<sup>th</sup>
year of Belochus the 13<sup>th</sup> king of <st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn90" name="_ednref90" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[90]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, the
children of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Israel</st1:place></st1:country-region>
(a.k.a. Jacob) were freed by God, under the leadership of Moses (born in 1613BC),
from Egyptian bondage after 400 years of hard oppression under petty satraps of
Ham, Dionysius and Mizraim<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn91" name="_ednref91" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[91]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. After
Pharaoh Bocchoris (whose large mud-straw-brick pyramid now stands near Huwara -
next to the buried Labyrinth and ancient lake Moeris), his blind sister Anysis
ruled Egypt for 2 years. After the 1<sup>st</sup> month of innundation,
however, Sabacon burnt his captive Bocchoris alive and invaded Lower Egypt from
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ethiopia</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
He ruled here over the Saite Nome<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn92" name="_ednref92" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[92]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> until
an oracle spoke of Mizraim’s return from <st1:city w:st="on">Argos</st1:city> –
at which point he quietly (and wisely) left for <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Ethiopia</st1:country-region></st1:place>. 24 years after the Exodus,
Gerion died and his three giant sons, the Lomnimi, succeeded in 8<sup>th</sup>
succession as joint commanders of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Spain</st1:place></st1:country-region>. After some 35 years of rule
in Arges (<st1:city w:st="on">Argos</st1:city>) of Peloponnese, i.e. the year
1502BC, Mizraim (Armais) returned to <st1:place w:st="on">Lower Egypt</st1:place>
with great fame and built stone obelisks in commemoration of his many exploits
abroad<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn93" name="_ednref93" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[93]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. All,
however, did not bode well, because his brother Typhon (Set) had also returned
from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Turkey</st1:place></st1:country-region>
to ‘recover his stolen kingdom’ and was still jealously scheming revenge for
his humiliating past defeat. It seems probable that Typhon secretly conspired
with the Lomnimi and many other begrudging and jealous rulers (including his
infamous sons) to make Mizraim’s planned assassination look like an accident. In
1502, when Mizraim left Argos for Egypt, Baleus (Tmolus, Timolus, Tipheus)
usurped the throne of Mansia (Western Anatolia) from king Belochus (Cambletes, Camboblascon) the
grandson of Balaneus (Alcymus, Altheus) and married Omphale the daughter of prince Ophren (Epher,
Afran, Atlas Kittim, Dardanus Jardanes, Iardanus). During the reign of this
Baleus (Tmolus) as the 11<sup>th</sup> High King (or 14<sup>th</sup> numbered from
Noah), Typhon and his conspirators struck in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region>. In the year 1469 BC they
lured Mizraim into an ostensibly ‘accidental’ encounter with a hippopotamus<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn94" name="_ednref94" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[94]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and he soon died from a wound inflicted by the animal<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn95" name="_ednref95" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[95]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. His
body was then cut into 26 pieces and distributed secretly as a trophy. At this
time, Rollin<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn96" name="_ednref96" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[96]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> affirms
that great chaos and anarchy swept across the whole of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region> for 2
years as the Ethiopians invaded their land. Outraged, heartbroken, and mentally
unstable, <st1:place w:st="on">Isis</st1:place> the Queen of Egypt called a
council and commanded all her kin to avenge her husband’s murder. In <st1:country-region w:st="on">Greece</st1:country-region>, Lehabim (Hercules, Tantalus) together
with the great men in his command, appointed Pelops his son as regent, ordered
the building of the ship Argo and immediately made war on Typhon and his
associates in <st1:place w:st="on">Arabia</st1:place>, defeating them at personal
cost to his army. His anger still unabated, he then ventured on a long journey
of conquest to defeat the conspirators wherever he could find them. In place of
his dead father and unstable mother, he established in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place> 12 trusted and proven chiefs
– who ruled 36 Egyptian Nomes and met in the 12 great halls of the Labyrinth<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn97" name="_ednref97" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[97]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. These
12 chiefs each spoke a different language, and each had authority over a
different language group<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn98" name="_ednref98" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[98]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. One
of these chiefs was eventually the Semitic Amenophis (Amenophthis, Memnon, Munon, Mennon) son
of Thithonus, who was the son of Laomedon of Illion (Troy II-VI). In his days,
many lepers were expelled from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>
into the eastern quarries – but they rebelled forming a covenant with the Israelites
in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:place></st1:city>.
Finally, to placate the large hoard of Israelites and lepers, he gave them the
city of <st1:city w:st="on">Avaris</st1:city> (<st1:place w:st="on">Saba</st1:place>),
from where they had previously fled many years before<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn99" name="_ednref99" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[99]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Amenophis died trying to aid the Trojans in the first Trojan war of 1180 BC and was succeeded
by Acherrhes (Akenchres, Ketna, Ketes, Proteus, Chennus, Mycerinus, Men-ka-ra,
Menkaure, Kephren) Lehabim’s daughter, who ruled as queen for 12 years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Meanwhile, Lehabim’s first victory after Arabia
(approx. 1465BC) was gained in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Phoenicia</st1:country-region>
(<st1:place w:st="on">Canaan</st1:place>) over Busiris the Younger. Then in
1454BC he besieged Baleus (Tmolus, Timolus, Tipheus) of Mansia in Lydia
(Turkey) and four years later, upon victory, married Omphale the despot’s
former slave wife. With Omphale as Queen-regent of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Lydia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, he crowned their newborn son
– Altades (Athus the Great) as king and added Ophren (Atlas Kittim, Epher,
Japhran, Afran, Iardanus, Dardanus) the Queen’s father, to his chief army captains - together with Hespanus, Ophren's elder brother.
Still intent on avenging the death of his own father, he mounted an expedition
to Crete (where under the alias of Theseus he vanquished King Mylinus – the
‘Minotaur’) before returning once again to the ‘Isle of the Blessed’ in Phutea (north-west
Africa or <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Morocco</st1:place></st1:country-region>)
which he renamed Lybia after his own name<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn100" name="_ednref100" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[100]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Here, he erected a column (possibly known today as ‘El Uted’ or ‘The Pointer’
which sits as a tall stone in the megalithic tumulus of Msoura or Mezorah). From
Mezorah in Morocco, which was in those days a verdant island-garden-sanctuary full
of quince fruit, 10 kilometres upriver from the sea-port of Lixus (Maqom Semes,
‘City of the Sun’) (Temple, 2011, pp. 375-434), he passed across the Straits of
Gibraltar and on into <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
Once landed, he single-handedly defeated the Three Gerions (Lomnimi) in combat
(1445BC) and appointed Hispalus (Hispal, Hispalis of Seville) his son as 9<sup>th</sup>
King (from Tubal), who ruled <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Spain</st1:place></st1:country-region>
for 17 years. During this interim, Lehabim immediately travelled to Samothea
(France/Britain) for 19 years, where he married Galathea the daughter of King
Jupiter Celtes (son of aforementioned Lucus) and had a son called Galates (born
1442BC). After warring with Albion (Maroticus) and Bergion<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn101" name="_ednref101" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[101]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> on
the banks of the Rhine in France, and their brother Lestrigo across in Italy
for a further 10 difficult years (until 1432BC), Lehabim finally had 20 years
of peace in Italy – during which time he appointed Galates as the King of
Samothea (France/Britain) and Tuscus as the King of Italy in a ceremony held in Viterbo (</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Vetulonia)</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn102" name="_ednref102" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[102]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Lehabim left Tuscus in </span><st1:country-region style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on">Italy</st1:country-region><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">
in 1386BC and returned to </span><st1:country-region style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Spain</st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">
in old age (where he was revered as the god Melqart</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn103" name="_ednref103" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[103]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">
of the Phoenicians). There, since his son Hispalus had died, he began ruling jointly
with his captain Hespanus (Isius, Jasius)(the 10</span><sup style="line-height: 150%;">th</sup><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> king of </span><st1:country-region style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Spain</st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">) for 13
years (until 1373BC). He then became sole ruler for a further 19 years. Meanwhile,
the Samothean (French) line of Lehabim’s dynastic rule continued after Galates:
Harbon, Lugdus (who founded </span><st1:place style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on">Lyon</st1:place><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> in the 14</span><sup style="line-height: 150%;">th</sup><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">
year of Aschalius of Babylon i.e. 1371BC) and Beligius, whose rule was followed
by Hespanus (Iasius, Jasius)</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn104" name="_ednref104" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[104]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Lehabim’s death in </span><st1:country-region style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Spain</st1:place></st1:country-region><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn105" name="_ednref105" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[105]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> in
1354BC, aged 350 years old, was greeted with great mourning and sadness, since
he is believed to have committed suicide due to his blindness. The huge army in
Spain, then led by Lehabim’s generals king Hespanus (Iasius, Jasius, Hesperus, Ephas, Ephah,
Apher) and aforementioned Ophren</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn106" name="_ednref106" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[106]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">
(Atlas Kittim, Epher, Japhran, Afran, Iardanus, Dardanus) his younger brother, honoured
their great leader by building a temple in Gadir and an enormous circular megalithic
tumulus</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn107" name="_ednref107" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[107]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> for
him on an island (now Mezorah of Morocco), below the Straits of Gibraltar,
where Lehabim had many years previously set up his pillar to show the extent of
his travels (and which still stands in relative obscurity near the city of
Lixus). This circular island became known to Pliny (the 1</span><sup style="line-height: 150%;">st</sup><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> century
A.D. historian) as the gardens of the Hesperides because the daughters of Atlas
were known as Hesperides (the wives of Hesperus?). The site was also known as
the ‘</span><st1:place style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on">Pillars of Hercules</st1:place><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">’ for many years,
before they were conflated with two mountains on the Straits</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn108" name="_ednref108" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[108]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">.
After the death of Lehabim, his generals Hespanus and Ophren soon took up residence in Corythus in Italy where because of his popularity Hespanus became the envy of Ophren. They fell into a family
quarrel</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn109" name="_ednref109" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[109]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> (possibly Ophren had an affair with Cybele who was Hespanus' wife - because she absconded with him) and
their great army dispersed because of the confounding internal power struggle.
Many became nomads wandering in </span><st1:place style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on">Africa</st1:place><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">, while
others lived under the hulls of their ships.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn110" name="_ednref110" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[110]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">
Some may have even passed across the </span><st1:place style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on">Atlantic</st1:place><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">
via the Canary current to found the ancient Olmec civilisation of Meso-America,
which also worshipped the sun god (Lehabim) (Heyerdahl, 1978). The seat of </span><st1:country-region style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">’s highest throne remained in </span><st1:country-region style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Greece</st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">, where
Pelops retained the royal sceptre or caduceus</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn111" name="_ednref111" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[111]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In 1345BC, after the
death of his elder brother Hespanus in Italy and during the reign of Allobrox of France, Ophren (Dardanus) sailed with Cybele - via
the Island of Samothráki - to Phrygia (Turkey) where he was given permission
from King Athus (Xanthos, Scamander) to build a city. He called it Dardania
(known in archaeology as <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Troy</st1:place></st1:city>
I). The elders (Kings of Troy) followed in succession to the throne: Erichthonius,
Tros (from whom the Trojans took their name), Ilus (who called Dardania Ilion),
Laomedon (who built Troy II-VI and whose tomb is still supposedly intact under
the great gate Scea) and Priam who was killed an old man in the Trojan War of 874-864BC. The
earliest kings of the Anglo-Saxons may be traced back to Shem, who was the
ancestor via Amenophis, Amenoph, Memnon, Munon (one of the 12 chiefs of Lehabim),
who in his old age married Troan (Priam’s daughter), from which marriage came Tror
and his descendents Loridi, Einridi, Vingethor, Vingener, Moda, Magi and Sceaf
(Seskef, Scyf, Seth, Scef) (approx. 720 BC). Later, Sceaf’s distant descendent Woden
(Wodden, UUoden, Voden, UUothen, Othin) (approx. 60BC) was born, from whence
arose the House of Wessex and many other modern dynasties<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn112" name="_ednref112" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[112]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> By 1180BC, the city
of <st1:city w:st="on">Troy</st1:city>, based upon the 12 magisterial sectors
renowned in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s
Labyrinth, was known for great stature and wealth. However all that was to change
with the arrival of Hercules the Grecian. Historians record that Isis, the
Mother of Lehabim, was still alive at the time of the first sacking of Iliion –
dying 40 years after the destruction of the city at 615 years old! (1140-39BC).
Her funeral must then have taken place in the reign of Belochus (Belimus,
Beleoun, Sardanapalus) the 23<sup>rd</sup> (and last) Monarch of the Hamitic Assyrian
Empire who burnt himself to death and was succeeded by Arbaces the Mede<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn113" name="_ednref113" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[113]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
at a time synchronous with Elon’s judgeship of the children of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Israel</st1:country-region> (<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Austin</st1:place></st1:city>,
2008b). <st1:place w:st="on">Isis</st1:place> was the last of those renowned
ancients who were ignorantly deified and worshipped as ‘immortals’. Eleven
hundred and thirty-five years later (5BC), though, life and immortality was
brought to light through the Lord Jesus Christ, who in rising from the dead began
the new creation!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> The great Reformer
Martin Luther was a well read scholar and to dismiss his overall understanding
of ancient history as a complete fabrication requires compelling evidence. Such
compelling evidence is non-existent to the best knowledge of this author. Despite
some major discrepancies in BC dates and some serious conflation of names in
Nanni, our confluence of classical, ancient and modern witnesses all attest the
same general flow of international events as has just been synthesised. In
places, fragments from authentic chroniclers (still extant) support Lynche’s
claims – suggesting Giovanni Nanni did <i>not</i>
necessarily fabricate or doctor his data. In other places, our more robust
chronology of Babylonian monarchs together with the reasonably assumed
longevity of Ham’s line allows us to <i>confirm</i>
Polemo’s ancient claim that Mizraim (or Apis, Jupiter Ammon) was the ‘High
King’ of the Israelite Oppression (and of the Exodus). Therefore, it is safe to
say that Dr Martin Luther and his contemporaries, who believed much of Nanni’s Berosus
to be genuine history, were probably correct in their judgement. In this paper,
Frere, Prestwich, Evans and Darwin have been thoroughly refuted – for they
cannot accommodate a global flood in 2610BC. Furthermore, Nanni’s history has
been substantially verified by both authentic classical sources and modern
archaeology. It almost goes without saying that if this is confirmed by further
investigations, our modern interpretations of history will need to be
significantly revised<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn114" name="_ednref114" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[114]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> As a final thought,
the ‘Great Dark Age’ we have here been reconstructing (from the Old Testament and
many authentic sources) is contradicted by at least two streams of modern scholarship.
First, ‘alternative historians’ or ‘cult archaeologists’ are forever plugging
dates for chronologies which disregard God’s book of sacred history and the
chronology we derive from it. Their estimates for a ‘lost civilisation’ range
from 15,000 to 10,000BC. Although valuable in places, their overall theses
cannot be correct in the slightest. Secondly, the theses of ‘mainstream’ academic
historians are just as dubious – since they have no qualms about glossing over all
the ample evidence for a global cataclysm and subsequent global repopulation with
a geologically uneventful Holocene epoch in the <st1:place w:st="on">Upper
Palaeolithic</st1:place>! From this ‘mainstream’ stance, not only is it
impossible to explain why so many ancient cultures contain historical
references to the global cataclysm, Noah, and his subsequent descendants; it is
equally impossible to explain why human populations were so stunted during the
700,000 (!) years that we are supposed to have been the most capable species on
this planet<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_edn115" name="_ednref115" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[115]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Where
are the remains of their technology? Why did they remain on the verge of
extinction for so long? Books on human ‘deep history’ are currently attempting
to patch up these gaping holes in the speculative world of the secular ancient
past - and modern Christians are in danger of forgetting what heritage we have
left from the Reformation period histories that have been so heavily neglected
by archaeologists.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In response to these
mild criticisms, many might reply that ‘giants’ with life-spans measured in
centuries of years and a strict adherence to ‘ancient Hebrew folk-lore’ do not
constitute a credible alternative to the hard archaeological data behind modern
scholarship. Christian readers should therefore be left with a great challenge
– if we do not academically overcome the incredulous spirit of our age
regarding biblical history, how may we be said to be following the injunctions
to be transformed by the renewing of our minds and always ready to give an answer
for the hope within us? In these our days, surrounded by so much wilful
ignorance and misinformation, we <i>must
recover a robust concept of creation history</i> and make a stand for God’s
Holy Word, just as Dr Luther did in his!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Austin, D. (2008a). Is Darius, the King of Ezra 6:14-15, the
Same King as the Artaxerxes of Ezra 7:1? <i>Journal
of Creation</i> 22(2): 46-52. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Austin, D. (2008b). Three Chronological Periods of the Old
Testament. <i>Journal of Creation</i> 22(3):
51-58.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Austin, D. (2011). Synchronisation of the divided kingdoms of
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Judah</st1:country-region> and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Israel</st1:country-region></st1:place>. <i>Journal of Creation</i> 25(2): 67-73.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bowden, M. (1998). <i>True
Science Agrees with the Bible</i>. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Kent</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Sovereign Publications, pp.
151-153.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fasold, D. (1988). <i>The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state></st1:place> of Noah</i>. <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>: Knightsbridge
Publishing Company. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inc. Book Sales. (2002). <i>The
Timechart of Biblical History</i>. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Chartwell Books Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jones, F.N. (2005). <i>The
Chronology of the Old Testament</i>. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Master Books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Knight, C. and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Butler</st1:city></st1:place>,
A. (2011). <i>Before the Pyramids</i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Watkins
Publishing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lynche, R. (1601). <i>An
Historical Treatise of the Travels of Noah into <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place></i>.
Available online at: [WWW] http://annomundi.com/history/travels_of_noah.pdf
(Accessed on 14/06/11). Also see a modern English translation by Argyros
Argyrou: [WWW] </span>http://www.argyrou.eclipse.co.uk/myths/bible/Travels.htm.<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mauro, P. (2001). <i>The
Wonders of Bible Chronology</i>. <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Virginia</st1:place></st1:state>:
Hess Publications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menzies, G. (2011). <i>The
Lost Empire of Atlantis: History’s Greatest Mystery Revealed</i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Swordfish. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Niessen, R. (1982). A Biblical Approach to Dating the Earth:
a Case for the use of Genesis 5 and 11 as an exact chronology. <i>Creation Research Society Quarterly</i>,
Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 60-66.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nissen, H. (Trans. Skondin, T.) (2004). <i>Noah’s <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place></st1:state>
Uncovered: An expedition into the ancient past</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Copenhagen</st1:city>:
<st1:place w:st="on">Scandinavia</st1:place>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patten, D. (1981). The Longevity Accounts in Ancient History.
<i>Creation Research Society Quarterly</i>,
Vol. 19, No 1. pp. 40-52.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Robinson, S. (1999). Genealogy is not Chronology. <i>Origins</i>, No. 26. <st1:place w:st="on">Rugby</st1:place>:
The Biblical Creation Society, pp. 15-21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siculus, D. (c. 35 B.C.). <i><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Bibliotheca historica or Library of
History. </span></i><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Available Online at: </span>http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html
(Accessed on 21/07/11).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rohl, D. (2008). <i>The Lords of Avaris</i>. London: Arrow Books. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rudgley, R. (1998<i>).
Lost Civilisations of the Stone Age</i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>:
Arrow Books, p. 28.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setterfield, B. (1999). Ancient Chronology in Scripture.
[WWW] <a href="http://www.setterfield.org/000docs/scriptchron.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.setterfield.org/000docs/scriptchron.htm</span></a>
(Accessed on 17/10/11).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stringer, C. (2006). <i>Homo
Britannicus: The Incredible Story of Human Life in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Penguin Books. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Temple</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, R. (2011). <i>Egyptian Dawn: Exposing the Real Truth Behind Ancient <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Arrow Books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ussher, J. (1658 trans. 2003). <i>The Annals of the World</i>. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Master Books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Viccary, M. (2007). Biblical Chronology – Our Times are in
His Hands. <i>Journal of Creation</i> 21(1):
62-66. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Further <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Reading</st1:city></st1:place>:
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The best resources on world history from a biblical
perspective are:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ashton, J. and Down, D. (2006). <i>Unwrapping the Pharaohs</i>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>: Master Books. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Burgess, S. (2004). <i>The
Origin of <st1:state w:st="on">Man<span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></st1:state><span style="font-style: normal;"> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Leominster</st1:city></st1:place>:
Day One Publications.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chittick, D. (2006). <i>The
Puzzle of Ancient <st1:state w:st="on">Man<span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></st1:state><span style="font-style: normal;"> <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>:
Creation Compass.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cooper, B. (1995). <i>After
the Flood: The Early Post-Flood History of <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>
Traced Back to Noah</i>. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Sussex</st1:place></st1:country-region>:
New Wine Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eusebius of <st1:place w:st="on">Caesarea</st1:place>. (c.
335). <i>Chronicle</i> (Trans. from
classical Armenian). Available online at: [WWW]
http://rbedrosian.com/euseb.html (Accessed on 20/08/11).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gascoigne, M. (2002). <i>Forgotten
History of the Western People: From the Earliest Origin</i>. Camberley: Anno
Mundi Books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hoeh, H.L. (1967 and 1969) <i>Compendium of World History.</i> Volumes 1 and 2. Online: [WWW]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Volume 1:
http://www.cgca.net/coglinks/wcglit/hoehcompendium/hhc1toc.htm). (Volume 2: http://www.friendsofsabbath.org/ABC/HL%20Hoeh%20papers/Compendium%20vol2%20(tables%20format).pdf).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hoerth, A.J. (1998). <i>Archaeology
& The Old Testament</i>. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>:
Baker Academic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jerome (a.k.a. <span style="background: white;">Sophronius
Eusebius Hieronymus) (c. 380). <i>Chronicle</i>.
Available oneline at: [WWW] </span>http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm#JeromeChronicle
(Accessed on 18/08/11).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oard, M. (2004). <i>Frozen
in time: The Woolly Mammoth, the Ice Age and the Bible</i>. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Master
Books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Snelling, A. (2009). <i>Earth’s
Catastrophic Past: Geology, Creation and the Flood</i>. Volumes 1 and 2. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>:
Institute for Creation Research. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thong, C. and Fu, C. (2009). <i>Finding God in Ancient <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>.
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Grand Rapids</st1:city></st1:place>:
Zondervan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Useful sources used to a greater or lesser extent in
constructing this history were:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Armour, R.A. (1992). <i>Gods
and Myths of Ancient <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>.
<st1:city w:st="on">Cairo</st1:city>: The <st1:placename w:st="on">American</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Cairo</st1:city></st1:place> Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aubet</span></st1:city><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, <st1:state w:st="on">M.E.</st1:state></span></st1:place><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1993). <i>The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayle, P. (1737). <i>The
Dictionary Historical and Critical of Mr. Peter Bayle</i>. Volume 4. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: J.J. and P.
Knapton. (Available on Google Book Search).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bimson, J. (2003). <i>(When)
Did it Happen? New Contexts for Old Testament History</i>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city></st1:place>: Grove Books Ltd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Blum, H. (1998). <i>The
Gold of Exodus: The Discovery of the Most Sacred Place on Earth</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>: Hodder and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Stoughton</st1:place></st1:city>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cawley, C. <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(2011).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><st1:city w:st="on"><i>Medieval Lands</i></st1:city><i>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Gascony</st1:state></st1:place>, Sires d'Albret</i>. Chapter 1, C.
(2) available at [WWW] </span>http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/MONFERRATO,%20SALUZZO,%20SAVONA.htm
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Accessed on 16/04/12) from the Foundation for Medieval
Genealogy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Clayton, R. (1753). <i>A
Vindication of the Histories of the Old and New Testament</i>. Volume 1. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: W. Bowyer.
(Available via Google Book Search).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cory, P. and Hodges, E.R. (1876 ed., republished 2003). <i>Cory’s Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician,
Carthaginian, Babylonian, Egyptian and Other Writers</i>. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Kessinger
Publishing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuncliffe, B. (2008). <st1:place w:st="on"><i>Europe</i></st1:place><i> Between the Oceans: Themes and Variations: 9000 BC – AD 1000</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Yale</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Danielsson, O. (1992). </span><i>Annius of Viterbo and the Swedish Historiographical Philosophy of the
Sixteen and Seventeenth Centuries</i>. <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>:
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Uppsala</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press. (German Text Only).<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Davidson, P. (2011). <i>Atlas
of Empires</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>: New <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Holland</st1:city></st1:place> Publishers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Farrer, J.A. (1907). <i>Literary
Forgeries</i>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city></st1:place>.
Available for free download online. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Grafton, A. (1991). <i>Defenders
of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800</i>.
<st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Harvard</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>
Press. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Herodotus, (Translated 1998, 2008). The Histories. <st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Oxford</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Heyerdahl, T. (1978). <i>Early
Man and the Ocean: the beginning of navigation and seaborn civilizations</i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: George Allen
& Unwin Ltd. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jackson, P. W. (2006). <i>The
Chronologers’ Quest: The Search for the Age of the Earth</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city>:
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">James, P. (1991). <i>Centuries
of Darkness</i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>:
Pimlico.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">James, P. (1995). <i>The
Sunken Kingdom: The Atlantis Mystery Solved</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>:
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Jonathan</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Cape</st1:placename></st1:place>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">John, R.T. (1994). <i>Fictive
Ancient History and National Consciousness in Early Modern <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>:
The Influence of Annius of Viterbo’s Antiquitates.</i> <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>:
Warburg Institute, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">London</st1:placename></st1:place>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Johnson, K. (2010). <i>Ancient
Post-Flood History</i>. Biblefacts.org<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kitchen, K.A. (2003). <i>On
the Reliability of the Old Testament</i>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city></st1:place>:
William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leston, S. (2011). <i>The
Bible in World History</i>. <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ohio</st1:place></st1:state>:
Barbour Publishing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ligota, C.R. (1987). Annius of Viterbo and Historical Method<i>. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld
Institutes</i>, The Warburg Institute, Vol. 50, pp. 44-56.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Marinatos, N. (2010). <i>Minoan
Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Urbana</st1:city>,
<st1:city w:st="on">Chicago</st1:city> and <st1:city w:st="on">Springfield</st1:city>:
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Illinois</st1:placename></st1:place> Press. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">McCants, W.F. (2012). <i>Founding
Gods, Inventing Nations: Conquest and Culture Myths from Antiquity to Islam</i>.
Princeton and <st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Princeton</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>
Press. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
Minge, B. (2007). ‘Short’ sojourn
comes up short? <i>Journal of Creation</i>
21(3): 63. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Morris, H. (1966). World Population and Bible Chronology. <i>Creation Research Society Quarterly</i>.
Vol. 3(3). pp. 7-10. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Newgrosh, B. (2007). <i>Chronology
at the Crossroads: The Late Bronze Age in <st1:place w:st="on">Western Asia</st1:place></i>.
<st1:place w:st="on">Leicester</st1:place>: Matador.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Palmer, T. (2003). <i>Perilous
Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism Through the Ages</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Parry, G. (2001). Berosus and the Protestants: Reconstructing
Protestant Myth. <st1:city w:st="on"><i>Huntington</i></st1:city><i> Library Quarterly</i>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">California</st1:placename></st1:place>
Press, Vol. 64, No. 1/2, pp. 1-21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Renfrew, C. (1976). <i>Before
Civilization</i>. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Roberts, J.M. (1993). <i>History
of the World</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on">Helicon</st1:place>
Publishing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Shryock, A. and Smail, D.L. (2011). <i>Deep History: The Architecture of Past and Present</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Berkeley</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">California</st1:placename></st1:place> Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Shuckford, S. (1824). <i>The
Sacred and Profane History of the World, Connected</i>… <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Philadelphia</st1:place></st1:city>: William W. Woodward. (Available
free from Google Books Reader). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stephens, W. (1989). Giants in those Days: Folklore, Ancient
History, and Nationalism. <st1:city w:st="on">Lincoln</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Nebraska</st1:placename></st1:place> Press. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stephens, W. (2004). When Pope Noah Ruled the Etruscans:
Annius of Viterbo and His Forged “Antiquities”. <i>MLN</i>, The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Johns</st1:placename>
<st1:placename w:st="on">Hopkins</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>
Press, Vol. 119, No. 1, Italian Issue Supplement: Studia Humanitatis: Essays in
Honor of Salvatore Camporeale, pp. S201-S223. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiener, L. (2012, originally 1920). <i>Contributions toward a History of Arabico-Gothic Culture. Volume III:
Tacitus’ <st1:place w:st="on">Germania</st1:place> and other Forgeries</i>.
Forgotten Books. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Willis, R. (ed.). (1993). <i>World
Mythology: The Illustrated Guide</i>. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>:
BCA via Duncan Baird Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
</div>
<div class="Section2" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoCaption" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoCaption" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
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o:title=""/>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>Figure 1: The Kings of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city></st1:place>
from Noah to Nebuchadnezzar II or ’42 ages’<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<b>Figure 2: ‘<i>De Ortu Regum Anglie</i>’ King List from the
<st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city> Bodleian Library, MS Wood, The Great
Chartulary of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Glastonbury</st1:city></st1:place>,
written approx. AD 1340<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
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o:borderleftcolor="this" o:borderbottomcolor="this" o:borderrightcolor="this">
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o:title="DSCF3523" gain="72818f" blacklevel="3277f"/>
<w:bordertop type="single" width="8"/>
<w:borderleft type="single" width="8"/>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<b>Figure 3: The <st1:placename w:st="on">Sacred</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Mountain</st1:placetype>
or Twin Peaks – Yigityatagi – with <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place></st1:state>
remnants in foreground (after Nissen, 2004)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
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id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:417pt;height:264pt'
o:bordertopcolor="this" o:borderleftcolor="this" o:borderbottomcolor="this"
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o:title="SAM_0041" blacklevel="3277f"/>
<w:bordertop type="single" width="8"/>
<w:borderleft type="single" width="8"/>
<w:borderbottom type="single" width="8"/>
<w:borderright type="single" width="8"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<b>Figure 4: The
Egyptian Lehabim (Hercules) together with club and the circular Spanish tomb
built for him near Lixus in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Morocco</st1:country-region>
(found in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Cancho Roano</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region></st1:place>). The circular glyph is not a
warrior’s shield but a rendition of Mezorah in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Morocco</st1:country-region>,
the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">island</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Atlantis</st1:placename></st1:place>. This ancient Spanish glyph
corroborates Giovanni Nanni’s history.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:246pt;height:314.25pt' o:bordertopcolor="this" o:borderleftcolor="this"
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\James\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="Atlantis-0006"/>
<w:bordertop type="single" width="8"/>
<w:borderleft type="single" width="8"/>
<w:borderbottom type="single" width="8"/>
<w:borderright type="single" width="8"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<b>Figure 5: Hercules
Inscription at Ciutat Vella, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Barcelona</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Catalonia</st1:state></st1:place>: See Endnote 86. The second line from
the top contains evidence that Nanni did not invent his claim.</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
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o:title="Hercules_Inscription"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<b>Table 1: Revisions to Synchronisms with <st1:place w:st="on">Assyria</st1:place><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; line-height: 150%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 492.7pt;" valign="top" width="657"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<b>Major
Suggested Revisions to Conventional Dates for Old Testament Synchronisms<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 291.9pt;" valign="top" width="389"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
SYNCHRONISM WITH <st1:place w:st="on">ASSYRIA</st1:place></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.85pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
USSHER/JONES</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.95pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
POWELL</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 291.9pt;" valign="top" width="389"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fall
of Sardanapalus (Belochus) to Arbaces the Mede<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.85pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">747
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.95pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1135
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 291.9pt;" valign="top" width="389"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conquest
of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Israel</st1:place></st1:country-region>
by Assyria/King Shalmaneser<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.85pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">721
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.95pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">639
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 291.9pt;" valign="top" width="389"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subjugation
of Judah/Sennacherib invades <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.85pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">713-12
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.95pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">633
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 291.9pt;" valign="top" width="389"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fall
of Nineveh/King Saraco (to General Narbopolassar)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.85pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">626
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.95pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">530
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 291.9pt;" valign="top" width="389"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Josiah
killed by Pharaoh Necho of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.85pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">610
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.95pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">527
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 291.9pt;" valign="top" width="389"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nebuchadnezzar
Reigns in the 4<sup>th</sup> Year of <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jehoiakim
and in <st1:city w:st="on">Battle</st1:city> of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Carchemish</st1:place></st1:city> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">destroys
the army of Pharaoh Necho<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.85pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">606-605
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.95pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">524-523
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 291.9pt;" valign="top" width="389"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nebuchadnezzar
(Babylonians) sacks <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:place></st1:city><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.85pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">586
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.95pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">506
BC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 2: Major Periods
- <i>Anno Mundi</i> or ‘The Year of the
World’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; line-height: 150%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 338.4pt;" valign="top" width="451"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Period<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dates<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Duration<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 338.4pt;" valign="top" width="451"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1) Creation to the Cataclysm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AM 1-1656<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,656 years<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 338.4pt;" valign="top" width="451"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Cataclysm to Promise to Abraham in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ur</st1:place></st1:city><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AM 1656-2088<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">432 years<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 338.4pt;" valign="top" width="451"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3) Promise to Abraham to the confirmation of said promise
to Jacob<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AM 2088-2303<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">215 years<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 338.4pt;" valign="top" width="451"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4) Confirmation of covenant to the law (Ten Commandments)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AM 2303-2733<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">430 years<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 338.4pt;" valign="top" width="451"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5) Law to the building of Solomon’s <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Temple</st1:place></st1:city><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AM 2733-3327<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">594 years<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 338.4pt;" valign="top" width="451"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6) <st1:city w:st="on">Temple</st1:city> to the fall of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:place></st1:city> to
Nebuchadnezzar II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AM 3327-3759<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">432 years<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 338.4pt;" valign="top" width="451"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7) Fall of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:place></st1:city>
to the return from captivity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AM 3759-3809<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">50 years<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 338.4pt;" valign="top" width="451"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8) Restoration to Christ’s birth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AM 3809-4266<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">457 years<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 3: Near Eastern
Gods from Marinatos, (2010:192), identified after her cryptographic methods<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:448.5pt;height:219pt'
o:bordertopcolor="this" o:borderleftcolor="this" o:borderbottomcolor="this"
o:borderrightcolor="this">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\James\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.jpg"
o:title="SAM_0038m" grayscale="t"/>
<w:bordertop type="single" width="12"/>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;">Table 4: Hesiod’s ‘5 Ages of Man’ Revised –
according to Nanni’s fragments of Berosus<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;"><br /></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; line-height: 150%; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Name of High Monarch:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Regnal Year BC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">R.Y. Ended BC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Comments, inc. Ages of Man<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Noah<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">2610<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">2260<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="background-color: white;">Golden Age <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Ham, Belus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">2610<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1685<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Tower</span></st1:placetype><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Babel</st1:placename></span></st1:place><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Cush</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">2608<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1925<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Good climate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: white;">Nimrod (Saturn)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">2478<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1869<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Great longevity > 600 years<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: white;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Jupiter Belus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">2423<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1807<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Relative peace – single combat resolution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Belus was a prince of study, inventor of the
Chaldean astronomy (Pliny)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Nynas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1807<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1755<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Established the Assyrian Empire by subjugating </span><st1:city style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"> and </span><st1:country-region style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bactria</st1:place></st1:country-region></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Semyramis I (Queen)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1755<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1713<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Osyris and Isis born (approx)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Semyramis removed her court from <st1:city w:st="on">Nineveh</st1:city>
to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city></st1:place>
(D. Siculus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Ninyas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1713<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1675<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Agriculture taught by Osyris (Mizraim)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Arius, Agron in Herodotus (Histories 1.7)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1675<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1645<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Silver Age</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Death of Ham (Pan). </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">One line of Heraclidae (or Lydian <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Royals) begin here for 22 generations - see Rohl (2008) and Herodotus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Aralius, Amyrus, Altheus? (1<sup>st</sup> generation)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1645<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1605<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Large-scale warfare begins<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Balaneus, Balaeus, Xerxes, Alcymus, </span></span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;">Alcaeus, Alciamus, Adrysus, Cleolaus, Lemnos, Agelaus, Blascon?</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"> (2</span><sup style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">nd</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"> gen.) son of Lehabim -
rules </span><st1:place style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;" w:st="on">Anatolia</st1:place></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1605<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1575<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">100 year human ‘motherhood’ before adulthood begins<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">12. Armatritis, Adramytis, Armamithres, Armamitres (3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1575<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1537<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">13. Belochus, Cambletes, Camboblascon? (4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1537<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1502<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Belochus probably married Electra a descendant of Gomer. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">He was usurped by Baleus.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">14. Baleus, Balaeus, Tipheus (5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1502<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1450<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Mizraim Assassinated by brother Typhon during this reign<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">15. Altades, Athus, Sethos, Zaztagus, Altallus, Altadas (6)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1450<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1415<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Lehabim/Hercules regains Lydia/Sardis and puts his son Altades on the throne<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">16. Mamythus, Mamynthus (7)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1415<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1385<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">17. Aschalius, Macchaleus, Magchaleus (8)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1385<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1355<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Death of Lehabim in Spain/Morocco<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">18. Sphaerus (9)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1355<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1335<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>Bronze Age</b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">19. Mamylus (10)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1335<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1305<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">20. Sparaethus, Spartheus, Spareus, Sparetus (11)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1305<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1263<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">21. Ascatades, Dercetades (12)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1263<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1225<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Aka Dercatades/Dercetidis – the Father of Queen Attosa/Semyramis
according to Ussher (Vol. 1, 363, pg 54)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">22. Amyntes (13)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1225<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1180<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">23. Belochus, Belimus, Beleoun, Sardanapalus (14)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1180<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1135<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Assyrian/Pelasgian male line fails after 1343 yrs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Sardanapalus commits suicide by burning his palace down<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Trojan War with Hercules the Grecian. <st1:place w:st="on">Isis</st1:place>
Dies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">24. Attosa, Tratre, Ak'urartist, Semyramis II (15) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1135<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1128<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Queen marries the royal gardener called Belesius or Beletares</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">25. Beletares, Balatores, Belesius, Narbonassarus, Nabu-nasir, Nebo-adon-Assur, Naminybrus, Nebuchadnezzar (16), previously </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Bostangi bachi (chief of the gardens)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1128<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1098<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Heroic Age</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Nebuchadnezzar I, satrap of Arbaces, marries Attosa
and builds Bronze gates around <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city></st1:place>.
<st1:place w:st="on">Second Empire</st1:place> begins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">26. Lamprides (17)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1098<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1066<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Men were prone to warfare<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">27. Sosares (18)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1066<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1046<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">28. Lampares (19)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1046<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1016<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">29. Panyas, Pannyas, Pannias (20)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">1016<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0974<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">30. Sosarmus (21)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0974<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0952<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Median king in Eusebius</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">31. Mithraeus, Myrsus in
Herodotus (22)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0952<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0917<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">This line of Heraclidae end with Candaules, son of Myrsus. "[Cephalion]
says that 1000 years had elapsed from Semiramis to King Mitraeus” (Eusebius). This statement only makes sense if we take that as Semiramis I.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">32. Teutamus, Tudhaliya IV in Rohl (2008)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0917<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0885<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Hittites invade <st1:place w:st="on">Western Anatolia - see Rohl (2008). Comtemp. with Agamemnon and Menelaeus. Priam was General of Phrygia at this point. Teutamus sent 10,000 Ethiopian troops to Troy.</st1:place></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">33. Teutaeus, Telepinu(sh) in Rohl (2008)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0885<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0841<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Repels Achilles (possibly Asa of Judah - who had diseased feet). Teutaeus aids Troy VII but fails<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">34. Thinaeus, Theneus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0841<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0811<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Dorian Invasion of the <st1:place w:st="on">Peloponnese</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">35. Dercylus, Deioces
(Mede), Derusus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0811<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0771<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Iron Age</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">36. Empacmes, Eupalmes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0771<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0733<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">37. Laosthenes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0733<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0688<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Men warlike, greedy and impious<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">38. Pertiades, Peritiades<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0688<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0658<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">Navigation and mining commonplace<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">39. Ophrataeus, Phraortes (Mede)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0658<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0637<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">40. Ephecheres<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0637<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0585<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">41. Acraganes, Anakyndaraxes, Acrazanes, Cyaxares, Anabaxares, Ocrazapes, Cindaraxes, Chyniladon, Saracus, Sineladanos, Kinelanadan, Kandalanu, Merodachbaladan, Ben Merodach, Pul (the Mede)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0585<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0543<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fought against Cyrus I and his own General Narbopolassar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">42. Thonos Concolerus, Narbopolassar, Alyattes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0543<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0524<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">T.C. was General Narbopolassar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.76%;" valign="top" width="27%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">43. Nebuchadnezzar II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.1%;" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0524<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.04%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">0481<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.1%;" valign="top" width="36%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: white;">Builds further upon the work of Sennacherib - establishing the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Hanging</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Gardens in Nineveh</st1:placetype></st1:place>
for Amytis his wife</span><span style="background-color: #ffff99;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:498pt;height:738.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\James\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>Figure 6: Synchronisms between <st1:country-region w:st="on">Israel</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Judah</st1:country-region>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region>
and Assyria/Anatolia/Greece</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<br />
<b><o:p>Figure 7: Samothean King List</o:p></b><br />
<b><o:p><br /></o:p></b>
<o:p><b>Samothea:</b> 0. Japhet - 1. Samothes Dis - 2. Magus - 3. Sarronius - 4. Druiyus - 5. Bardus - 6. Longho - 7. Bardus Junior - 8. Lucus - 9. Jupiter Celtes - 10. Hercules (Lehabim) - 11. Galates - 12. Harbon - 13. Lugdus - 14. Beligius - 15. Iasius - 16. Allobrox - 17. Romus - 18. Paris - 19. Lemanus - 20. Olbius - 21. Galates II - 22. Nannes - 23. Remis - 24. Francus - 25. Pictus</o:p><br />
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Endnotes or Commentary
on the Chronology:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" /></div>
<hr size="1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;" width="33%" />
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<!--[endif]-->
</div>
<div id="edn1" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[1]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
covenant made with Abraham involved God telling him what would happen to his
descendants (the children of Israel or Jacob) <i>after his own death</i> (cf. Genesis 15:13-14) in a land (singular) not
theirs. It did not pertain to Isaac in <st1:place w:st="on">Canaan</st1:place>,
when Abraham was still alive. Isaac was forbidden to enter <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> (Gen.
26:2). Moreover, God describes a period of 400 years of affliction (not an
approximate number standing for 430 but an exact number cf. Acts 7:6-7) after
which time the Egyptian <i>nation</i> whom
they serve shall be <i>judged</i> and then
they shall ‘<i>come out</i> with great
possession’. Note that if <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>
<i>and Canaan</i> are meant here (as the LXX
has it), then this phrase ‘shall come out’ would be erroneous – because with
that reading they were <i>still</i> <i>in</i> the land of affliction in <st1:place w:st="on">Canaan</st1:place> where they fled. To maintain biblical truth, we <i>must</i> hold to a long dwelling in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>. How
then, do we explain the period of Galatians 3:17? We have to understand that
the covenant was only <i>given</i> to
Abraham and then afterward <i>confirmed</i>
in 1963 B.C. (as a statute in Christ) to Jacob <i>on the very night before he entered Egypt</i> to visit Joseph (cf.
Genesis 12:4, Gen. 15:13, Gen. 46:2-7, Exodus 12:41, Psalm 105:10-11, Acts
7:6). This explains why Exodus 12:41 notes it was 430 years <i>to the very day</i> that the children of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Israel</st1:country-region> left <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>. Another line of evidence is
that careful Scriptural study <i>cannot
establish</i> that <st1:country-region w:st="on">Judah</st1:country-region>’s
genealogy supports a 215 year sojourn. It simply cannot be maintained that the
Hur of 1 Chron. 2:19 and 2:50 (who are actually both the same person) was the
same Hur who married Miriam the sister of Moses and Aaron. The alleged linkage
is too weak, since both Ruben and Judah both had sons called Hezron – and since
Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite (Joshua 14:6) can hardly <i>also</i> be the son of Hezron! (1 Chron.
2:18). The chronologies do not give birth/death ages in these particular
sections and so cannot be treated as exact as some would wish. The final line
of evidence comes from the fact that the ancestry of Moses’ family in Exodus
6:16-20 is modestly abridged to tribe, clan and family (Minge, 2007:63). The
‘fourth generation’ return mentioned in Gen. 15:16 denotes a generation from
Abraham’s perspective (i.e. about 100 years). In fact, there were eleven
generations (of about 40 years) from Joseph to Joshua (1 Chron. 7:22-27) and
eleven generations from Jacob to Elkanah (1 Chron. 6:33-38) in the genealogy of
Heman, both consistent with the long sojourn period.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[2]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <st1:place w:st="on">Austin</st1:place> (2008:52) includes
the 480 years of 1 Kings 6:1 as ‘Period 3a’ of his ‘Table 1’. Biblically, it
can be proven that another 114 years of servitude ‘in metaphorical <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>’ (‘Period
3b’) are necessary to do justice to Luke’s summary of this period in Acts 13.
If the years of usurpation and servitude are totalled in this period they come
to exactly 114 years. Therefore as Setterfield (1999) points out, the ‘Omission
principle’, found elsewhere in Scripture, is also at work in this verse of 1
Kings.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[3]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Although
I knew of works by Edumnd Thiele and Prof. Kenneth Kitchen I also knew from
Larry Pierce that Thiele had significant errors in his chronology where he had
altered Scripture to accommodate archaeological discoveries. Kitchen, I had
already discovered in James’s critique (1991:222), held to the high dynastic
chronology of Egypt, which I knew for sure was spurious given the no-gaps
chronologies of the Masoretic text (Genesis 5 and 11). Therefore I chose my
sources carefully from those who held Scripture as their highest and best
authority in chronological data. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[4]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The 42<sup>nd</sup>
ruler, Thonos Concoleros, is called ‘Sardanapalus’ by Alexander Polyhistor as
quoted by Eusebius (<i>The Chaldean Chronicle,
9: From the same Alexander [Polyhistor] on the deeds and valor of Sennecherib
and Nebuchadnezzar</i>). He can therefore be equated with Narbopolassar the
father of Nebuchadnezzar II (who conquered <st1:city w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:city> in 506BC). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[5]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;"> This
figure of precisely 42 previous Monarchs is given strong archaeological support
from Nebuchadnezzar II’s own “Borsippa Inscription”, which says of the Tower of
Babel: “A former king built it (they reckon forty-two ages ago), but he did not
complete its head. Since a remote time people had abandoned it, without order
expressing their words. Since that time the earthquake and the thunder has
dispersed its sun-dried clay; the bricks of the casing had been split, and the
earth of the interior had been scattered in heaps. Merodach, the great lord,
excited my mind to repair this building. I did not change the site, nor did I
take away the foundation stone. … As it had been in former times, so I founded,
I made it; as it ha</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">d been in ancient days, so I exalted its summit.” Smith’s
Bible Dictionary quoted in Inc. Book Sales (2002). </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">This 'Borsippa Inscription' found on the base of a </span><span style="color: #333333;">ziggurat </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">was translated by a Professor Oppert, but later included with a new translation in the book: 'Travels and Researches in Chaldea and Sinai (London: James Nisbet, 1857) by William Kennett Loftus. It mentions the restoration of the Tower of Babel. You can see Nebuchadnezzar's other inscription of the Tower of Babel here: </span></span><a href="http://www.schoyencollection.com/historyBabylonian.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #3c7bb3; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; position: static !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://www.schoyencollection.com/historyBabylonian.html</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> . What is truly remarkable, in our opinion, is that Nebuchadnezzar refers to "they reckon 42 ages ago". Who are "they" in the context of this inscription? It seems clear he must be referring to the priests or scholarly record keepers of Babylon itself. This is powerful independent confirmation that Nanni was using a genuine copy of Berosus the Chaldean Priest as a source, because without knowledge of Nebuchadnezzar's inscription (found long afterward), he still takes us back precisely 5 further rulers in his king list to Noah - i.e. from 37 'ages' (as recorded in Eusebius and St Jerome) to 42 'ages' as mentioned by Nebuchadnezzar himself regarding the Tower of Babel! </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">I have not even begun to
enter the debate surrounding the Assyrian Eponym lists, however scholars are
beginning t</span>o realise that astronomical data used to ‘lock’ key chronological
dates are actually quite unreliable (see Newgrosh, 2007).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[6]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
unbroken list of rulers of the city of <st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city>
was obtained through a synthesis of king lists: Lynche (1601), who gives – with
a few exceptions - the first 14 rulers; together with Diodorus Siculus,
Eusebius and St. Jerome who provide all those upto Thonos Concolerus
(Sardanapalus) the 42<sup>nd</sup> ruler. It is noteworthy that in antiquity
there were believed to have been four ‘Ages’ – Golden, Silver, Bronze and Iron.
Eusebius and Jerome, following Ctesias and Berosus, begin their king list from the mid-Golden Age with Nynas or Ninus II (the sixth ruler), son of Belus and
record Belochus as monarch number 18. The reigns that Nanni’s Berosus
enumerates (from the mid-Golden Age to the first Trojan War against Hercules the Grecian) are identical
in number – and again end with Belochus (their 18<sup>th</sup> and my 23<sup>rd</sup>)
– who was Sardanapallus (under whom the Assyrian Empire fell and the ‘Heroic Age’ began). Lynche takes us back to the start of the Golden Age five more
rulers - to Noah who established the Monarchy under Nimrod (according to
Lynche’s sources). It is also noteworthy that Jerome placed the 42<sup>nd</sup>
ruler (Belochus) in 830BC which suggests he conflated Belochus (the 23<sup>rd</sup> ruler
from Noah) with Thonos Concolerus the 42<sup>nd</sup>. Both these kings seem to
have had the name Sardanapalus, but the former burnt himself to death
(according to Diodorus) whereas the latter died naturally and was succeeded by
Nebuchadnezzar II his son. Out of all these 42 rulers, only a handful are
mentioned in Herodotus’ ‘<i>The Histories</i>’.
The second, Bel (or Ham who is Belus), is mentioned as having both a
‘sanctuary’ (i.e. the <st1:placetype w:st="on">Tower</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Babel</st1:placename>) and a gate in <st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city> (Book 1: 181 and Book 3:158
respectively). The 24<sup>th</sup>, Semiramis II is mentioned as having a
Babylonian gate (Book 3:155). The 35<sup>th</sup> monarch - Deioces, and the 39<sup>th</sup>
Pharotes - his descendent – plus the 41<sup>st</sup> Cyaraxes are all mentioned
as Kings of the Medes, confirming Cephalion’s list of Median kings (found in
Eusebius). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[7]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> For a
translation into modern English see: [WWW] http://www.argyrou.eclipse.co.uk/myths/bible/Travels.htm
(Accessed on 17/06/12).</div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[8]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Giants
are mentioned by Moses in Genesis 6:4. Lynche claims that Noah was a giant
himself, along with many of his descendants (especially in the line of Ham).
These giants are not of the fabulous sort (60 feet tall) but rather consistent
with physical limits i.e. 8-11 feet tall (as was Goliath of Gath). <st1:city w:st="on">Temple</st1:city> (2011:203)
mentions that many Egyptian tombs are far larger than would be necessary for an
average sized body. Sesokhris (Khasekhem) was stated by Manetho to have been 5
cubits and 3 palms high, “…which would be about 8 English feet, if the short
cubit of 17.4 inches were used.” In fact, Manetho is probably referring to the
royal Egyptian cubit! </div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[9]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> These truths are often overlooked in most assessments
and reappraisals of ancient history, yet they have a truly <i>revolutionary</i> significance for scholarly research today. Long
virility coupled with longevity meant that Mizraim the son of Ham was 1<sup>st</sup>
generation post-flood - yet he was only born <i>long after</i> Abraham – the 10<sup>th</sup> generation from Shem, and
lived (because of his genetic inheritance) until well <i>after</i> the death of Moses! If we discount Lynche’s claim, for
instance, that Queen Isis (daughter of Ham and thus 1<sup>st</sup> generation
post-flood) lived from approx. 1755BC until 1140BC, some 615 years, we must
also discount the reputable Jewish historian Josephus who wrote: “Now I have
for witnesses to what I have said all those that have written Antiquities, both
among the Greeks and barbarians, for even Manetho, who wrote the Egyptian
history, and Berosus, who collected the Chaldean monuments, and Mochus, and
Hestiaeus, and beside these, Hieronymus, the Egyptian, and those who composed
the Phoenician history, agree with what I here say: Hesiod also and Hecataeus,
Hellanicus, and Acusilaus, and besides Ephorus and Nicolaus relate that the
ancients lived a thousand years; but as to these matters, let every one look
upon them as he thinks fit.” Patten (1981) comments that: “Josephus and his
colleagues had read widely throughout the antiquities of the Mediterranean
world, at that time under <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Rome</st1:place></st1:city>.
His mind-set was based in part on the collage of ancient international sources
and their unanimity. There were no contradictions. The ancient longevity
accounts with which he was acquainted extended far beyond the borders of his
native <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Palestine</st1:place></st1:city>.
His sources came from no less than three continents. Such sources, when in
unison, to Josephus far outweighed the contemporary rationalizations and
cynics, however reasonable and well-intentioned. His sources came from areas
which today include Africa, Asia and Europe […] one can sum up a total of 14 or
15 ancient sources, coming from three continents and at least 6 different
ancient languages. Of these ancient sources familiar to Josephus other than the
Biblical sources, only a few fragments and a few manuscripts survive. This may
be one reason why modern academia is less impressed with this ancient tradition
than was Josephus.” For more on this fascinating topic of longevity and its
consequences for ancient records see Shuckford, S. (1824:226-233).<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[10]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Briefly, we shall establish the authenticity of Giovanni
Nanni beyond reasonable doubt. First, let us consider the language that Nanni’s
Berosus was originally written in. Ligota (1987:56) notes that Nanni frequently
referred to Aramaic (ancient Hebrew/Arabic) words in Berosus and also suggests
that it was this language Berosus wrote in. Ligota’s suggestion logically
follows because Nanni obtained the fragments from two visiting Armenians of the
Domincan Order of Monks (or Friars) – (Master Mathias and Master Georgius
according to Farrer, 1907:76) – the latter of whom gave him the fragments as a
gift in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Genoa</st1:place></st1:city>.
The existence of this Master Georgius is no longer questioned, for it is
certain that both the monks visited Genoa in the Summer of 1474 or the Spring
of 1475 (Danielsson, O. (1992:10) and John, R.T. (1994:22)). That the Berosus fragments
were originally written in Aramaic (ancient Chaldean) is confirmed by William
Harrison in Parry (2001:11 – footnote 34) who revered the brevity of Nanni’s
Berosus as an example of “the auncient forme of writing used by
Antiquitie…untill the use of history came in place (or at lest was knowen among
the gentiles)”. Moreover, a Hebrew Berosus further elucidates Nanni’s comments
mentioned in Grafton (1991:90), namely that: “Annius could certainly borrow
some texts from his Armenian confreres and ask advice on Hebrew and Aramaic
from his Jewish friend the still unidentified ‘Samuel the Talmudist,’”. As
Wiener (2012:203) counters: “…obviously [this was] Samuel Zarfati, the court
physician of Alexander VI, a most learned Spanish Jew.” Therefore it is safe to
conclude that Nanni studied the Latin translation given him with aid from a
Jewish friend who knew Aramaic Hebrew. It is interesting that Nanni did not
know who had first translated the fragments and found them hard to understand –
making reference to “Berosus or his translator” (Ligota, 1987:55) in his
‘Commentaries” of 1498. This suggests the books were old when Nanni was first
given them (as <st1:place w:st="on">Harrison</st1:place> in Parry (p.10)
comments: “thes bokes are at the lest 500 yeres olde…” [Parry adding] “for
Godfrey of Viterbo [AD1120-1196] knew them centuries before Annius”. (Parry
later states that Godfrey only mentions the genuine Berosus – but that remains
to be determined). Indeed, the wider story could be this: fragments
of the three authentic books of Aramaic Berosus had survived the fire at the
Library of Alexandria. Around AD378, a Spanish-born Bishop of Alexandria, named
Lucius Valerius, relocated to Samosata (modern Samsat in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Adiyaman Province</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Turkey</st1:country-region></st1:place>)
with these various fragments, where he undertook a Latin recension into five
parts. We learn this much from The Chronicle of (Pseudo)-Dexter (this being the
disputed history chronicle of the bishop of Barcelona in Spain, Flavius Lucius
Dexter, the son of Pacianus, who flourished approx AD395 according to his
contemporary St. Jerome – see:
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf203/Page_384.html). Dexter’s work plus other
Spanish ecclesiastical chronicles were claimed to have been rediscovered by the
Jesuit J. Roman de la Higuera (1538-1611) in the library of the Benedictine Abbey
of Fulda in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
If we take Dexter’s work as authentic and not a fabrication designed by
Higuera, it neatly explains why Nanni had five books of Berosus (rather than
the original three) given to him by Armenian (Turkish) Dominican Monks in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Genoa</st1:city></st1:place>. Alternatively, Nanni's copy of Berosus may have been preserved via a lost translation made into Armenian by the Syrian scholar Mar Abas Catina (late 2nd century BC), part of which (relating to Armenia alone) was copied by Moses of Khorene (approx 8th centry AD). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
Secondly, Bayle
recounts that Didimus Rapaligerus Livianus mounted a posthumous defence of
Nanni in 1678BC saying that: “It is very well known…that Berosus was given him
at Genoa, by Father George of Armenia a Dominican [Friar]; and that he found
all the rest [i.e. fragments of Archilochus, Metasthenes, Cato, Fabius Pictor,
Myrsilus, C. Sempronius, Philo, Xenophon and Antoninus Pius], except Manetho,
at one Mr Williams’s of Mantua” (Bayle et al, 1737:299). Now, some fierce
critics (e.g. Fumagalli) have tried to dismiss this ‘Mr Williams’ as a figment.
Who exactly was he? The answer, it turns out, is quite simple. Nanni refers to
him as “Guilelmus Mantuanus” and dates his collections to the year AD1315 in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Mantua</st1:place></st1:city> (Ligota, 1987:56).
Now it so happens that Charles Cawley’s ‘<i>Medieval
Lands</i>’ the encyclopaedia of territories in the medieval western world,
found online at the web address referenced above, elucidates this mysterious
Guilelmus. Cawley contains the following very interesting statement: “Matthew
of Paris recounts that…Guglielmo VII Marchese di Monferrato [AD1240-1292]…was
appointed Vicar-General in northern <st1:country-region w:st="on">Italy</st1:country-region>
by his father-in-law as candidate for the <st1:placetype w:st="on">kingdom</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Italy</st1:placename>, and led the movement to oust
Charles Comet d’Anjou from the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">kingdom</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Sicily</st1:placename></st1:place>. He succeeded
in depriving the latter of his possessions in <st1:place w:st="on">Lombardy</st1:place>
and captured and castrated his ambassadors [probably between AD 1272 and 1275].
He became head of the Ghibelin League formed by the Marchese di Saluzzo [Thomas
I (AD 1239-1296) – Ed.] and contingents from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Castile</st1:country-region>
in the towns of <st1:city w:st="on">Pavia</st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on">Asti</st1:city>,
<st1:city w:st="on"><b><i>Mantua</i></b></st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on">Verona</st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on">Genoa</st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on">Milan</st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Alessandria</st1:place></st1:city> and Ivrea.”
Nanni visited <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Mantua</st1:place></st1:city>
with the Most Reverend Cardinal Paul de Campo Fulgoso in the 1480’s, who he
mentions in a letter to his brother Thomas. Clearly, Guglielmo later became
known as Guilelmus of Mantua and his <i>Collectanea</i>
(collection of ancient authors) was where Nanni obtained his fragments of the 9
lost authors. The collection of Guglielmo (which he must have repossessed from Charles
I of <st1:city w:st="on">Naples</st1:city> in Norther Italy) would have come
originally from <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Sicily</st1:place></st1:state>.
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Mantua</st1:place></st1:city> library was
probably opened to honour William’s name, in AD1315, by his close kinsman
Theodore I, Marquess of Montferrat. This would neatly explain why Nanni in his
Antiquities of 1498 makes mention of a learned Talmudist, Rabbi Moses, who is
probably the Sicilian Moses of Palermo who lived in the second half of the 13<sup>th</sup>
century and translated various works of old Arabic into Latin for Charles I of
Naples. Charles d’Anjou, as he was know, was renowned for his love of learning
and at that time had commissioned a number of Jewish scholars to translate Arabic
works into Latin as part of the ‘Latin Renaissance’. Livianus cites a Lutheran
saying of the fragments Nanni obtained in Mantua: “…they are all of them
interpolated, castrated, imperfect, and neither translated with fidelity of
judgement: and yet that they were anciently extracted from those true and
legitimate authors, there are such arguments as can admit of no contradiction.
To instance only in [the 22 fragments of] Cato. Examine it again and again,
condemn it as you will, yet you must see and confess that it discovers the wit
and style of the true Cato, which are not to be imitated or counterfeited by
such sort of persons”. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
Let us then
move now to consider the works impact on Protestant Theologians. It is
noteworthy that eminent Reformers with a high view of Scriptural inspiration,
together with other intellectual scholars just as capable, held Nanni (or
Annius) in great esteem. Martin Luther “preferred Annius’s Berosus to Herodotus
and his ilk” (Grafton, 1991:87) and found it his richest non-biblical source.
Philipp Melanchthon used his history extensively, as did Melanchthon’s student
Johann Funck, who considered Nanni’s Berosus “the most approved history of the
Babylonians” yet rejected Nanni’s Metasthenes as inconsistent (Grafton,
1991:98). In Protestant Geneva he was also held in high esteem by the well
respected Abraham Bucholzer who incorporated Nanni’s work into his <i>Isagoge chronologica</i> of 1577. And
others, like Guillaume Postel and members of the intellectual <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Florentine</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Academy</st1:placetype></st1:place>
(such as Pier Francesco Giambullari), who were far less Scriptural yet just as
erudite, also considered Nanni’s works genuine. Postel may have ‘touched it
with a pin’ when he wrote that Nanni’s Berosus had a bad reputation because “he
passed down to posterity an account similar to that in the sacred [books], and
thus is despised and ridiculed by men poorly disposed toward divine things,
because of the very quality for which he ought to be praised and preferred to
all other authors”. He also noted that “Berosus sometimes told stories that
redounded to the discredit of the Chaldeans, and a witness testifying against
his own interest deserves belief” and again “Though Berosus the Chaldean is
preserved in fragments, and is disliked by atheists or enemies of Moses, he is
approved of by innumerable men and authors expert in every language and field
of learning. Hence I grant him the faith deserved of any accurate author”
(Grafton, 1991:82,95). Here, Postel is echoing a very significant truth. As
John (1994:24) notes: “In the commentaries to his forged texts Annius referred
to fifty-eight ancient authors whose works he might well have known at first
hand. All of them, bar one -- the Orphic <i>Argonautica -- </i>had appeared in
print by the mid-1490s, and those originally in Greek had been translated. The
range<i> </i>of his reading is impressive. He drew on all the standard
encyclopaedists: Pliny, Solinus, Aulus Gellius,<i> </i>Macrobius and Isidore of
Seville. He was familiar with the historians one would expect to be relevant:
Herodotus, Livy, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Diodorus Siculus, Appian, Sallust,
Josephus,<i> </i>Eusebius, Trogus as epitomised by Justinus, Valerius Maximus,
Quintus Curtius Rufus and Plutarch.<i> </i>He also used the geographers
Pomponius Mela and Ptolemy, the mythographer Hyginus and the Christian
apologist Lactantius. Rather surprising, however, was his dependence upon
poets, who are almost as numerous as historians. They include Homer, Vergil,
Silius Italicus, Juvenal, Ovid, Martial, Valerius Flaccus, Horace, Tibullus,
Propertius and Lucan. In<b> </b>conjunction with these he used ancient commentaries on
poets, most notably Servius on Vergil, but also the pseudo-Acron and Porphyrion on Horace.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
As regards
Nanni’s supposed fraudulent inscriptions and statuettes, Livianus in Bale also
notes, from a source (Giornale VIII, de Letterati, 1678, p.122) that: “…He is
accused of forging some tables of marble, whereof he has published an
explanation. If therefore the truth deserves examining, this author clears
Annius by substantial arguments from his adversaries charge of imposture,
proving beyond contradiction, that two of those tables called Libiscillæ, from
the place where they were found, had been dug up a long time before Annius was
born…. And as to those two called Cibelariæ, and that called Longobarica, they
were discovered by others and presented to [Pope] Alexander VI, to say nothing
of that called Osiriana, which was brought before the time of Annius.” (Bayle
et al, 1737:299). For more on these fascinating tablets and their history, see: Collins, A. (Renaissance Epigraphy and its Legitimating Potential: Annius of Viterbo, Etruscan Inscriptions, and the Origins of Civilization). The <i>Tabula Maeonica Cybelica</i> in the museum of Viterbo, Italy, records the marriage of Jasius Ianigena (Hespanus, Coritus) - king of Italy and France to Ipitis Cybele - a fair and rich princess (which wedding occasion the elderly Queen Isis attended). It refers to an even older tablet (now lost) which recorded the founding of ancient Viterbo (then called Vetulonia - found further north) by Janus (Noah) and his son Cameses - and a later fortified settlement established by Hercules (Lehabim) - probably during the years 1548-1537 BC. Annius believed the newer tablet to have been set up by Pupinus and Marsias - later rulers of the Etruscans. Furthermore, the tablet <i>Decretum Desiderii</i> was said by the 16th Century Domenico Bianchi to date from its discovery in 1219 AD. The 18th Century Etruscologist Mariani claimed it had been fixed to the top of the cathedral in Viterbo until 1380 AD - therefore Annius could not possibly have forged it. (This claim would certainly explain its dome-like shape). It records the founding of Viterbo from 3 previous smaller habitations called Longula, Turrhena and Vetulonia via a single large town wall. The final tablet - called the 'Herculean Tablet of Osyris' - is the most remarkable of all. It contains various glyphs Annius believed were Egyptian (Pelasgian) in origin, including a tree, a lizard, a growing vine with grape clusters, two birds eating grapes and possibly a goose nesting at the top with eggs. In fact, the lizard or gekko at the bottom of the tree matches precisely the Egyptian hieroglyph 'asha', meaning many, numerous or multitude. The two birds probably represent colonies founded by Osyris - who feed on the grape vines he was famous for growing. The nesting 'goose' at the top is another name for Iped or Isis (the wife of Osyris), also found (coincidentally) in the Turin Canon (fragment 41 and 42) along with other "wholly fictitious beings" or "fantastically named royalties" such as Apis - dismissed by incredulous scholars (see Rohl, 2008, pg 100). Third, and finally, none of the arguments used by his critics
to discredit Annius have proven very persuasive to this author. Critics such as
Eduardo Fumagalli, Beatus Rhenanus, Pietro Crinito, Juan Luis Vives, Francois
Baudouin and Joannes Goropius Becanus were in many cases influenced by the
spirit of secular humanism and provide weak, insubstantial claims against his
works. We shall now instance some of these bogus arguments and provide a brief
rebuttal of each. 1: Pseudo-Berosus evidences great harmony with the other
fragments, which harmony can only be obtained through Nanni’s personal
authorship and intervention. A: Ligota (1987:45), however, comments: “…the
[supposedly] forged texts are set in a mosaic of references to authentic ones -
a theoretical framework does emerge. Indeed, though the ancient texts Annius invented
have a story to tell, their function, as the commentaries make clear, is as
much to show why the story is true as to tell it, that is, to unfold the story
as a demonstration of its veracity”. Then, Ligota notes in a footnote: “<i>Telling this one story, which in the
Judeo-Christian scheme is the only (true) story there is, allowing for no
external point of view</i>. As long as the scheme obtains, criteria for
historical truth cannot be entirely abstracted from the specific history they
are derived from because they are also an integral part of its content”. Thus
we find that this ‘doctoring’ argument backfires and serves to show the
remarkable unity between various authors which would be expected to obtain <i>should they all have recorded what actually
happened</i>. 2: It is absurd to think that a Babylonian knew anything in
detail about countries so far away, or that the art of navigation was so
advanced in Noah’s time that he dared travel all over the world. A: <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The extraordinary cargo of the ship-wreck
of Uluburun has proven that the ancients travelled far further than previously
thought. Berosus would have had access to many merchant traders who visited <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Babylon</st1:place></st1:city>. Noah did not
travel all over the world. According to Berosus, he ventured only around the <st1:place w:st="on">Mediterranean Sea</st1:place> and the countries surrounding it. 3.
Pseudo-Berosus never mentions the Hebrews (the Assyrian’s close neighbours). A:
It is well attested that all the kings of <st1:place w:st="on">Assyria</st1:place>
from Ninus to Belochus were dissolute individuals who hated war and conflict
and remained permanently in their royal palaces to pursue every pleasure. Thus
it is not surprising that they do not record encounters with the Hebrews.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[11]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
According to the detailed source study found in the Ph.D. thesis of learned
Professor R.T. John (1994:23): “Since the work [of Annius] has almost always
been dismissed as a collection of forgeries, rather than read as a history of
primeval Europe, as Annius intended, no-one has attempted to analyse its
ancient, medieval and modern sources. It has rather been assumed that he must
have invented much of what he wrote, both in the texts and in the commentary.
On close examination, it becomes apparent that this is not the case at all.
Throughout the work Annius continually supported his spurious authors with the
testimony of later genuine ones; he had sufficient historical awareness to
point out that the later authors he cited were of course following his own much
earlier, and therefore more reliable, historians.” <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The best external evidences (i.e. independent from the claims
of the once well respected classical historians like Eusebius and Tacitus) are
a few significant details which collectively persuaded me (J.Powell) of the
veracity of Giovanni Nanni’s history: 1. Nebuchadnezzar II’s own statement
(excavated in the 1800's, concerning '42 ages' - a fact I came across only<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>after</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>the synthesis of classical king lists
back to Noah – who was clearly proven number one. 2. Temple's (2011)
description of Mezorah of Morocco - which fits remarkably with Lynche's account
of Hercules' circular tomb built by the Spanish. 3. Knight and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Butler</st1:place></st1:city>'s work (based upon Thom) in the
identical units of measurement used by the megalith builders across the globe
and their claimed fascination with the stars. 4. Menzies (2011) work showing
that international trade in ancient history was extensive and complex based
upon the extraordinary cargo of the ship-wreck of Uluburun. 5. The warrior
steles found in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region> which
depict a circular megalithic tomb (which are clearly ancient renditions of the
megalithic tomb of Mezorah in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Morocco</st1:country-region></st1:place>)
– see Figure 4. And finally 6. The work of Nanno Marinatos (2010) who describes
the culture of Crete as part of an international milieu which included
cryptographic symbols of the Ark, the mountains of Ararat, the children of Noah
etc. Many other, smaller details, were also borne out by reference to more
ancient historical sources than Nanni himself. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[12]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This is
293 years before Lynche’s date of 2317BC To arrive at this date I accept as
correct David Austin’s claim for a short Persian period (Austin, 2008a) and his
detailed, peer-reviewed and Scripturally validated calculations back until the
Exodus in 1533BC (c.f. Austin, 2008b and 2011); however I do not accept his
date for the entry of Jacob into Egypt. This occurred 430 years before the
Exodus (in 1963BC) as we are told in Galatians 3:17 and as Bowden (1998:
151-153) has persuasively argued contra- Viccary (2007). This date is also
consistent with Diodorus Siculus’s claim that the Assyrian Empire lasted more
than 1300 years before the Mede’s took power under Arbaces. From the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Tower</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Babel</st1:placename></st1:place> (2504 B.C.) until the 23<sup>rd</sup>
Babylonian monarch (Belochus or Sardanapalus – after whom the Line of Ham
failed) is approx. 1350 years. This period is clearly the “time of the kings of
<st1:place w:st="on">Assyria</st1:place>” mentioned in Nehemiah 9:32. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[13]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state> as described by Fasold (1988) and as represented by
the sun disc and cosmic egg is consistent with both Scripture (Genesis 6:14-16)
and with the general design features of the ancient Egyptian boats found buried
at <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city>. These
Egyptian ‘sacred boats’ were involved in an elaborate ritual held outside the
temples of Isis and Osyris (<st1:city w:st="on">Temple</st1:city>, 2011), which
remembered the cataclysm and the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
in pagan cultish fashion. Similar ‘sacred boat’ processions were held around the
<st1:place w:st="on">Mediterranean</st1:place>. The <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state> itself probably had an asymmetric centre
of gravity and if Fasold’s fascinating reconstruction is correct it suggests
that the cubits used were of the ancient Egyptian (royal cubit) variety,
measuring 523-529 mm. To the ancient Chinese a vegetable gourd was their most
immediate analogy for the <st1:place w:st="on">Ark</st1:place>’s
shape – thus the early Rulers of China were called ‘Fu Xi’ or children of the
‘bottle gourd’. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[14]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Line 37
of the cuneiform tablets of the Epic of Gilamesh calls this hill ‘Mount Mashu,
which daily guards the rising and setting of the Sun, above which only the dome
of the heavens reaches and whose flank reaches as far as the Netherworld below’
(Nissen, 2004:108). The <st1:placetype w:st="on">village</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Uzengili</st1:placename> (originally Nazar or Nizir) is close to the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">village</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Arzap</st1:placename></st1:place> (called the ‘Village of the Eight’
in the ‘Valley of the Eight’). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[15]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Chapter
8 of Marinatos (2010) is most important in understanding this mountain.
Marinatos (2010:107-113) notes this sacred mountain in <st1:place w:st="on">East
Mediterranean</st1:place> <i>koine</i>:
“The Egyptian symbol consists of two peaks that define the horizon between
which the sun disc resides. On Akkadian seals of the third millennium we find a
very similar rendition of the mountain represented as two scaly cones that
signify “land”. In <st1:country-region w:st="on">Syria</st1:country-region> and
<st1:place w:st="on">Anatolia</st1:place>, the twin peaks also symbolize a
mountain, sometimes a double one. The twin peak mountain defines the edges of
the cosmos. […] It has been previously mentioned that we do not see offerings
(bread, meat, incense, etc.) between the peaks of the object that has been
redefined as a mountain; therefore, its function cannot have been to sanctify
offerings. Instead, the two peaks frame a tree, a double axe, or a god. All of
these are symbols of cosmic significance and not votives that can be
consecreated. […] In summary: the tree rising between the Minoan twin-peak
mountain is not consecrated as an offering but constitutes the tree of life.
This is the solar palm…” Clearly, this was where humanity began afresh. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[16]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
name is found in the most ancient and important creation myth of <st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place>,
called the Ogdoad of Hermopolis (cf: http://www.philae.nu/akhet/Ogdoad.html)
and is given because the sun god was said to be born and to rise there for the
first time. The story is believed to predate the cosmogony of <st1:city w:st="on">Heliopolis</st1:city>, having been originally
established by Thoth (i.e. Lehabim). Armour (1986:153-154) notes an early
papyrus which records: “Salutations to you, you Five Great Gods, Who come out
of the City of Eight, You who are not yet in heaven, You who are not yet upon
the earth, You who are not yet illuminated by the sun”. “The poem tells how, on
the Island of Flame, the primeval hill similar to the one on which Ra arose,
the four gods came into being at the same time; they were seen as some sort of
force that existed between heaven and earth…Each element brought with him his
female component, giving the total of eight elements. The group included
Nun…and his consort Naunet; Heh…with his consort Heket…; Kek…and his consort
Keket;…and Amun with his consort Amaunet”. Armour amusingly suggests the story
is “a mythical explanation of the ebbing of the Nile flood, which left behind
it mounds of earth teeming with life”; yet it bears a striking resemblance to
the landing of the Ark – especially since from the ‘Cosmic Egg’ the ‘bird of
light’, an aspect of the sun god, burst out! The Egyptian Coffin Texts, spell
223, contain the note: “O Atum give me
this sweet air which is your nostrils for I am this egg which is in the Great
Cackler, I am the guardian of this great prop which separates the earth from
the sky. If I live, it will live; if I grow old, it will grow old; if I breathe
the air, it will breathe the air.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>
I am he who splits iron, I have gone round about the egg, (even I) the Lord of
Tomorrow.” </div>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[17]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) records that Noah showed his sons their territories in the 100<sup>th</sup>
year after the flood. Before this, his family must have inhabited <st1:country-region w:st="on">Turkey</st1:country-region> and
built some of the most ancient monuments in that country. The 25 years is an
approximation only during this period. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn18" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[18]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) mentions an ancient marble called the ‘Issue of Noah’ which he found and
inscribed a history onto just after the flood. This marble may have once stood
within the megalithic henge of Zorats Karer near Sisian. This observatory-tomb
is very similar to others found in Europe and <st1:country-region w:st="on">Morocco</st1:country-region>, suggesting a cultural
link. One significant difference, however, is that some stones have well
polished holes cut through them only here in <st1:place w:st="on">Armenia</st1:place>. This is consistent with
Fasold’s claim that such stones were used by Noah as anchor stones on the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark.</st1:state> After the
Cataclysm, these anchor stones were transported and reused to construct the
world’s very first megalith (Fasold, 1988). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn19" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[19]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Giovanni Nanni probably didn’t know that a place called <st1:city w:st="on">Urfa</st1:city> existed, yet he mentioned that Noah was
called Arsa and had many place names called after him. This is one argument in
favour of his records being authentic.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn20" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[20]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This is
speculation on my part, but the claim is reasonable given the great antiquity
of Gobekli Tepe and the fact that they travelled eastward to inhabit <st1:place w:st="on">Babylonia</st1:place> (Genesis 11:2). Some interpret the word
‘eastward’ as ‘from the east’ i.e. ‘westward’. The same Hebew word is hard to
translate, yet is given in Genesis 2:8 as ‘eastward’. Gobekli Tepe is unusual
since the stone carvings found there are of species now completely foreign to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Turkey</st1:country-region>.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn21" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[21]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
reader interested in studying population growth after the flood is referred to
Morris (1966). At the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Tower</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Babel</st1:placename></st1:place> incident there
were probably 70 families of some 10-15 individuals – giving roughly 700-1500
people. By the entry of Abraham into <st1:place w:st="on">Canaan</st1:place>
around the 10<sup>th</sup> generation, there would have been roughly 2,800,000
people in the world at a conservative estimate. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn22" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[22]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> C.f.
Inc Book Sales (2002) where we are given a description of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Tower</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Babel</st1:placename></st1:place>.
Building of this tower probably began 80 years after the flood.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn23" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[23]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ussher
(2003:22) notes that the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Tower</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Babel</st1:placename></st1:place> happened five
years after the birth of Peleg according to Syncellus’ translation of the Book
of Sothis by Manetho. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn24" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[24]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Cory
and Hodges (2003: 75) note a fragment from Alexander Polyhistor which contains
this detail about a strong wind or whirlwind. The same detail is also contained
in other more ancient sources. 1<sup>st</sup>: A damaged Assyrio-Babylonian
Tablet now housed in the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">British</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">Museum</st1:placetype></st1:place> reads: “…them the
father. (The thoughts) of his heart were evil…the father of all the gods he
turned from. (The thoughts) of his heart were evil…<st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city> corruptly to sin went and small and
great mingled on the mound. … <st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city>
corruptly to sin went small and great mingled on the mound. The King of the
holy mound…In front and Anu [i.e. Ham – Ed.] lifted up…to the good god of his
father….Then his heart also…which carried a command…at that time also…which
carried a command…At that time also…he lifted it up…Davkina. Their (work) all
day they founded to their stronghold in the night entirely an end he made. In
his anger also the secret council he poured out to scatter (abroad) his face he
set he gave a command to make strange their speech…their progress he impeded…the
altar…<i>In (that day) he blew and</i>…For
future time the mountain…Nu-nam-nir went…Violently they fronted against him. He
saw them and to the earth (descended). When a stop he did not make of the
gods…Against the gods they revolted…violence…Violently they wept for <st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city> very much they
wept. And in the midst…”. 2<sup>nd</sup>: The Sibyl mentions: “When all men
spoke a common language, certain of them built an exceeding high tower,
thinking thereby to mount to heaven. But the gods sent winds against it and
overturned the tower and gave to every man a peculiar language; whence it comes
that the city was called <st1:place w:st="on">Babylon</st1:place>.”
Also c.f. the book of Job Chapter 38 vs 1. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn25" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[25]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) recounts Tanais as Noah’s point of departure on his first 10 year voyage
to establish boundaries. It is reasonable to suggest that he planted a vineyard
close to the habitation based upon ancient wine vessels found at this location
and the tradition that Noah was the ‘giver of wine’. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn26" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[26]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) notes that Noah undertook at least two voyages around the <st1:place w:st="on">Mediterranean</st1:place>, the first of which took 10 years.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn27" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref27" name="_edn27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[27]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
information comes from Lynche (1601).</div>
</div>
<div id="edn28" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[28]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
name comes from the historian Johannes Turmair (contemporary of the Reformer
Martin Luther) who published a king list in his <i>Annals of Bavaria</i>. For more information see: [WWW] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Angles
(Accessed on 26/08/11).</div>
</div>
<div id="edn29" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[29]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
detail comes from Shuckford, S. (1824). The Sacred and Profane History of the
World… Book 3, p. 104.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn30" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[30]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> For
more information about the post-Cataclysm ice-age, please see Oard (2004) and
Snelling (2009:763-787).</div>
</div>
<div id="edn31" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref31" name="_edn31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[31]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Another
son of Javan was named Iobaath in the historian Nennius (Cooper, 1995:49),
Ithobaal the ‘priest of Astarte’ in the Annals of Tyre (Aubet, 2001:148) and
Jobhath in early Irish genealogy (Cooper, 1995:111-112). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn32" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref32" name="_edn32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[32]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Shuckford, S. (1824). p. 103-115, Kitchen, K. (2003). p. 592-597 and Cooper, B.
(1995). p. 170-204.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn33" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref33" name="_edn33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[33]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
According to the Iranian historian al-Tabarī (d. 310 AH/923 AD) in his <i>Ta’rikh</i> 1:326, translated in McCants
(2012:109): “the first king to rule the earth [<st1:country-region w:st="on">Persia</st1:country-region>] was Ōshahanj b. Eber b.
Shelah b. Arphachshad b. Shem b. Noah.” This Ōshahanj is also called Ūshing,
Ūshang, Hōshang – whom we have identified as Ham.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn34" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref34" name="_edn34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[34]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Isaiah
23:13.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn35" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref35" name="_edn35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[35]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ibid
endnote 30.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn36" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref36" name="_edn36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[36]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
Huang-Di is recorded as the first to make sacrifices on <st1:placetype w:st="on">Mount</st1:placetype>
<st1:placename w:st="on">Tai</st1:placename> in <st1:place w:st="on">China</st1:place> – see Thong, C. and Fu, C.
(2009:234).</div>
</div>
<div id="edn37" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref37" name="_edn37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[37]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
full Chinese story of the children of the ‘bottle gourd’, the sole survivors of
a great flood, is found in Willis (ed.) (1993:93). It was commonly recounted in
the oral traditions of the Miao and <st1:city w:st="on">Yao</st1:city> peoples
of <st1:place w:st="on">South China</st1:place>.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn38" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref38" name="_edn38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[38]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This is
Manetho’s record – who places 8 ‘demi-gods’ and ’15 heros’ (660 years) before
the birth of king Mizraim.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn39" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref39" name="_edn39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[39]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> For
this geneological information see Hoeh, H.L. (1967 and 1969) <i>Compendium of World History.</i> Volumes 1
and 2.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn40" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref40" name="_edn40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[40]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) makes Dionysius the son of Almanthea (another wife of Hammon). However,
here we follow a fragment of Sanchoniathon (extracted from Eusebius), which can
be found in Cory and Hodges (2003:13). Sanchoniathon calls Dionysus by the name
of Kronus, but the same person which Lynche calls Dionysus is clearly meant
(given the context). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn41" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref41" name="_edn41" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[41]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> That
Jupiter Belus was a son of Ham (Kronus) is found in a fragment of Sanchoniathon
(extracted from Eusebius) and in a fragment of Eupolemus, both of whom are
contained in Cory and Hodges (2003:14 and 82). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn42" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref42" name="_edn42" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[42]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Isaac
Newton in his ‘Chronology of the Ancient Kingdoms Amended’ cites the historian
Pausanias (2<sup>nd</sup> cen. AD) for this information regarding Phoroneus and
the Argives. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn43" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref43" name="_edn43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[43]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) here seems to be following Dionysius of Halicarnassus (60 – 7BC), who
Sir Isaac Newton quoted in his ‘Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended’ as
saying: “Oenotrus having found in the western parts of Italy a large region fit
for pasturage and tillage, but yet for the most part uninhabited, and where it
was inhabited, peopled but thinly; in a certain part of it, purged from the
Barbarians, he built towns little and numerous in the mountains; which manner
of building was familiar to the ancients…”. Newton also notes he wrote:
“…seizing part of it, he built towns in the mountains, little and numerous…but
after this colony grew numerous, and began to want room, they expelled the
Siculi, compassed many cities with walls, and became possest of all the
territory between the two rivers Liris and Tibre…”. “The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Sicaneans</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>were reputed the first inhabitants of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Sicily</i>, they built little
Villages or Towns upon hills, and every Town had its own King; and by this
means they spread over the country, before they formed themselves into larger
governments with a common King:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Philistus</i>”. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn44" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref44" name="_edn44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[44]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) notes this interesting point, also suggesting that the Italians knew
Noah under the alias of Janus. His date for the Flood (2317BC), however, places
the founding of this city later in history. Here we must caution that Nanni
(Lynche’s main source) was a Librarian of the <st1:place w:st="on">Vatican</st1:place>
collections and therefore he may possibly have increased the antiquity of this
city to please the Roman Catholics. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn45" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref45" name="_edn45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[45]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Fragment of Sanchoniathon in Cory and Hodges (2003:13). In this part of the
fragment, Ouranos is Noah and Kronus is Ham. However names in Sanchoniathon are
inconsistent and generic and must be specified by the context of events.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn46" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref46" name="_edn46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[46]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) and other historians are admittedly confused about this person. Perhaps
there were two people known as Poisedon or <st1:place w:st="on">Neptune</st1:place>
– the first was the son of Ham and the second was the son of Mizraim. Either
way, their descendents were feared as tyrannical giants. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn47" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref47" name="_edn47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[47]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
date for Abraham’s birth differs from many reputable scholars including Ussher
and Jones, yet it is carefully based upon Scripture since according to Bowden’s
revised timeline (Bowden, 1998:177-180), where he notes (based on Acts 7:4)
that Terah was <i>at least</i> 130 years old
when he had Abraham, Abraham was thus born in 2013 Anno Mundi. Given creation
most likely took place in 4266BC based on the best scholarship; this means
Abraham’s birth date was 2253BC according to these assumptions.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn48" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref48" name="_edn48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[48]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Plutarch in his ‘De Iside et Osiride’, vol 2., p.354, notes that Amoun was
called ‘The hidden God’. It is believed by some that he was hidden in a cave on
<st1:place w:st="on">Crete</st1:place> since Ham had many of his children
executed or imprisoned. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn49" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref49" name="_edn49" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[49]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Manetho
records these kings as the 15<sup>th</sup> Dynasty of Egypt.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn50" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref50" name="_edn50" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[50]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Nimrod
must have been born before 2478BC because he was made Saturn of the Babylonian
monarchy by Noah during that year (according to Lynche this was 132 years after
the Cataclysm – which he makes to be 2185BC). Here, I have assumed that Nimrod
was 609 at his death, meaning he was made Saturn of the Babylonians, by Noah,
in the year of his birth (to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Cush</st1:country-region>).
Lynche also gives his reign in <st1:place w:st="on">Babylon</st1:place>
as 56 years, however this is totally incongruous with his total lifespan as
judged by his Scriptural contemporaries in the line of Shem. 609 years is
actually more reasonable!</div>
</div>
<div id="edn51" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref51" name="_edn51" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[51]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
Semiramis I repaired <st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city>
after a damaging flood, and made war on the Indians as recorded by Diodorus
Siculus. She was later conflated with Semiramis II (1135-1128BC) who married
Beletares (Belesius, Nebuchadnezzar I) – the former keeper of the royal gardens
(according to the king list of Eusebius and Hoeh (1967)). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn52" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref52" name="_edn52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[52]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
detail is recorded by Lynche (1601).</div>
</div>
<div id="edn53" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref53" name="_edn53" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[53]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
account of the European kings is a synthesis of Lynche (1601) together with
Turmair’s king list and a fragment of Sanchoniathon (the latter historian being
found in Cory and Hodges (2003:9). In addition, <st1:city w:st="on">Temple</st1:city> (2011) writes: “It is obvious that the
megalith builders, whose stone rings were clearly used for astronomical
observation purposes, were significantly advanced in astronomy and geometry.
Because they were a maritime civilization, they must have been unrivalled
navigators, and that may well be where their knowledge of astronomy and
geometry received its original impetus.” Knight and <st1:place w:st="on">Butler</st1:place> (2011) have done extensive and
groundbreaking research into the units of measurement the megalith builders
used in many different countries (the Megalithic Yard, Minoan foot etc.). It
appears that the constellation Orion was mirrored on the ground in numerous
locations across the globe, including Thornborough in <st1:country-region w:st="on">England</st1:country-region>, <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city> in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> and possibly Sanzhaocun near the ancient
capital of <st1:city w:st="on">Xi’an</st1:city> in <st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region>. The megalith builders were
totally obsessed with the golden ratio in their geometric plans of the <st1:city w:st="on">Giza</st1:city> plateau (<st1:city w:st="on">Temple</st1:city>, 2011)
- and coincidently David Fasold discovered the same golden ratio central to the
design of what many think are the remains of Noah’s <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state> (Fasold, 1988). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn54" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref54" name="_edn54" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[54]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Johannes Turmair (contemporary of the Reformer Martin Luther) who published a
king list in his <i>Annals of Bavaria</i>.
For more information see: [WWW] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Angles
(Accessed on 26/08/11).</div>
</div>
<div id="edn55" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref55" name="_edn55" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[55]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) and Hoeh (1967) both note this. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn56" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref56" name="_edn56" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[56]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Compare
Lynche (1601) with Johannes Turmair’s <i>Bayerische</i>
and <i>Deutsche Chronik</i> as in the
endnote above. Both record Gampar as the 7<sup>th</sup> king of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>. German
kings continued after Gampar as follows: Schwab (1667-1621), Wandler
(1621-1580), Deuto (1580-1553), Alman (1553-1489), Baier (1489-1429), Ingram
(1429-1377), Adalger (1377-1328), Larein (1328-1277), Ylsing (1277-1224),
Brenner I (1224-1186), Heccar (1186-1155) (who was the Hector of the Trojan
War), Frank (1155-1114) etc. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn57" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref57" name="_edn57" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[57]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Heyerdahl (1978:323) notes: “The main Roman discovery on the Atlantic coast of <st1:place w:st="on">Africa</st1:place> was the island city of Lixus, then known as Maqom
Semes, ‘City of the Sun’ [Ed: i.e. Lehabim]. Its impressive sun-oriented,
megalithic structures were already then so ancient that the Romans considered
Lixus ‘The Eternal City’, older than any settlement inside the Mediterranean;
in fact, the Romans associated the place with the demi-gods who preceded men on
the earth, and ascribed the grave of Hercules to this <st1:placetype w:st="on">island</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Lixus</st1:placename> which overlooked the <st1:place w:st="on">Atlantic Ocean</st1:place>. Today Lixus is no longer an island, and
ships cannot get near the former warfs. The impressive ruins are now to be seen
half-buried topping a headland, on a ridge surrounded on all sides by flat
fields through which the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Lucus</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">River</st1:placetype></st1:place> undulates towards
the Atlantic shore, now barely visible in the distance. Ships that were
undoubtedly in proportion to the colossal structures ashore once docked at what
was then an island coast; today not even the tiny four- to six-man reed boats,
which have survived among local fishermen, are able to approach the foot of the
landlocked hill. A large Roman mosaic of <st1:place w:st="on">Neptune</st1:place>
bears witness to former links with the Ocean, while the ruins of Arab mosques
and Roman temples cover earlier Berber and Phoenician structures, refitted in
turn from gigantic blocks hauled from far away by the unknown sun-worshippers
who first chose the site.” Aubert (2001:162) notes that: “…Pliny adds that in
Lixus, in Atlantic Morocco, there was a sanctuary to Heracles (Melqart) that
was older than the one in Gadir and he places the mythical Garden of the
Hesperides in this area (Pliny Nat. Hist. 19:63). Ancient Lixus, situated on
the mouth of the modern Loukkos and in a well-sheltered bay, is close to
present-day El Araich or Larache. According to the classical texts, it was
apparently the most ancient Phoenician colony in the west, although, like <st1:city w:st="on">Cadiz</st1:city>, it has not so far
yielded any archaeological material earlier than the seventh century BC.”</div>
</div>
<div id="edn58" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref58" name="_edn58" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[58]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Menzies
(2011) has presented a powerful thesis which shows that Crete was trading
copper and drugs with <st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place>
from a very early date. <st1:country-region w:st="on">America</st1:country-region>
became conflated with the volcanic <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">island</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Thera</st1:placename></st1:place>, which erupted
in ancient times, producing Plato’s myth of the sunken Atlantis. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn59" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref59" name="_edn59" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[59]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> James
(1995, pg. 75) notes that: “Herodotus says that he was told by Egyptian priests
that the reign of their first king Menes (i.e. the beginning of their
civilization) fell 11, 340 years before the invasion of the Assyrian king
Sennacherib…”. Now, it is widely suspected that an extra zero has somehow been
added to this figure, meaning he meant 1,134 years. Now Lynche (1601) makes
Mizraim (Osyris) about 60 years old when he married his Sister Isis and we also
know from Lynche that Isis was born in the first regnal year of Queen Semiramis
(i.e. 1755BC). If Mizraim (Menes), being some 10-12 years older than his wife
when they married, was thus born in 1767BC (according to the relative
chronology provided by Lynche he was born in the reign of Nynas or Ninus II
i.e. between 1807-1755BC) and if the reigns of each ruler recorded by Eusebius
are correct as we have charted them, this would place Sennacherib’s invasion of
Egypt in 633BC - which turns out to be the <i>exact
same year</i> (calculated backwards from Nebuchadnezzar’s 524BC ascension) that
Sennacherib attempted to destroy Judah under Hezekiah’s kingship, straight
after he had captured all the Egyptian and Nubian charioteers! This is only
true, however, if we follow <st1:city w:st="on">Austin</st1:city> and place the
destruction of <st1:city w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:city>
by Nebuchadnezzar in 506BC, some 80 years later than conventionally understood.
Surely this precise correlation is more than a coincidence! </div>
</div>
<div id="edn60" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref60" name="_edn60" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[60]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Multiple lines of evidence suggest Mizraim was Hammurapi. The evidence is
summarised: 1. Mizraim was widely known as Apis, or Jupiter (H)ammon, therefore
Hammur-api is very close etymologically. 2. The Israelite slaves were known in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> as Hapiru
or Apiru – the slaves of Apis. 3. Apis was well-known for his placement of
pillars on his conquests, hence the stele of his law codes found in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Persia</st1:country-region> as well as Diyarbekir in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Turkey</st1:country-region>. 4. He
arrived in Babylonia/Assyria from <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region>
once he discovered that his father Ham had tried (and failed) to conquer <st1:place w:st="on">Babylonia</st1:place> for himself. 5. Isaiah 52:4 records ‘the
Assyrian’ as the oppressor of God’s people. 6. He (Jupiter Ammon) was king of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Greece</st1:country-region> at the
time of the Exodus according to Tacitus. 7. The chronology of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>’s kings
support this identification. 8. Many laws in Hammurapi’s code are similar to
the laws given Moses. 9. The Israelites worshipped a golden calf/bull (Apis). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn61" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref61" name="_edn61" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[61]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Here it
seems we have the first Olympic trainer! Dagon was an idol of the Philistines,
the fish god (1 Samuel 5:4), who came out of the Red Sea (from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>) and
taught much knowledge (hence Berosus describes Oannes as half man, half fish
according to their pagan superstitions). The Olympic games must have begun
under Mizraim or his son Lehabim about 1750BC. They were later adopted by the
Greeks and the first Olympiad there began roughly 776BC Eusebius wrote: “From [Sardanapallus] until the first Olympiad, 40 years
elapsed.” I believe this is a copying error and the figure should be 400 years,
since Sardanapallus began his rule in 1180BC and 400 years afterward the first
Greek Olympiad occurred in roughly 776BC.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn62" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref62" name="_edn62" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[62]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Working
back from Nebuchadnezzar II who began in 523-4BC we have an unbroken line of
Assyrian/Anatolian rulers together with their lengths of reign from Eusebius.
This list suggests Semiramis I began her rule in 1755BC This date is also
consistent with the history of Queen Isis, who is said (by Lynche) to have been
born in the first year of Semiramis I and to have died some 40 years after the
first destruction of Troy (i.e. 1140BC) at 615 years old. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn63" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref63" name="_edn63" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[63]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> For an
amazing confirmation of this point, see Marinatos (2010:114-196), where through
a study of Minoan art and iconography she establishes a standard shared set of
cultural assumptions about the Solar Dynasty of Ham, Mizraim, Isis and Lehabim
in the ancient Near East. <span style="background: white; color: #333333;">The
Solar Dynasty were sons and daughters of Ham - the sun god. His
African/Egyptian dynasty were represented in iconography all over the near
eastern world by the ox head, the double-axe, the rosette and split-rosette,
the omega-shaped crown, the ankh sacred knot and the incurved altar (which
represented the sacred twin-crests of Mt. Yigityatagi where the ark had
rested and the sun god had arisen for the first time).</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"> </span>Menzies
(2011) points out that the Cult of the (Apis) Bull stretched across the ancient
world. A Mycean dagger was found inscribed on Stonehenge in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Avon</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">UK</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
Furthermore, Crete had strong links with <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>, where the Apis bulls were
considered sacred. All this evidence relates to the period here described. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn64" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref64" name="_edn64" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[64]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
children of Ammon were the same peoples as the Lubims of II Chronicles 12:3,
who fought for pharaoh Shishak.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn65" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref65" name="_edn65" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[65]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
According to Josephus and Manetho, the Ethiopic war between Mizraim (Kronus,
Osyris) and Typhon (Titan) continued for hundreds of years, resulting in the
destruction of many descendants of Mizraim, and Moses was one of the last
generals to defeat the Ethiopians – shutting them up in a city called Saba or <st1:city w:st="on">Meroe</st1:city> or Avaris. Plutarch
recounts that Typhon (Titan) had the aid of a famous queen of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Ethiopia</st1:country-region> by the
name of Aso when he fought against Osyris. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn66" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref66" name="_edn66" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[66]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rohl
(1995:268-273) notes: “Avaris was built on a series of sandy
hillocks…surrounded by swamplands to the east and south and the river to the
west and north. […] Bietak made the startling discovery that the grave goods
associated with the majority of these tombs were of Asiatic origin. The people
who had populated the sprawling city of <st1:city w:st="on">Avaris</st1:city>
originated from <st1:city w:st="on">Palestine</st1:city> and <st1:country-region w:st="on">Syria</st1:country-region>! […] an
anthropological analysis of the skeletal remains by Eike-Meinrad Winkler and
Harald Wilfing shows that more adult women were buried in the settlement than
adult men [and] sixty-five per cent of all the burials were those of children
under the age of eighteen months. Based on modern statistical evidence obtained
from pre-modern societies we would expect the infant mortality rate to be
around twenty to thirty per cent. Could this also be explained by the slaughter
of the Israelite infant males by the Egyptians? […] In the graves of Stratum G
the Austrians found…dismembered sheep, the latter undoubtedly funeral
offerings. Analysis of the sheep remains has shown that they were of the
long-haired variety. The Asiatic folk of early Avaris introduced the Levantine
long-haired sheep into <st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place>
clearly indicating their pastoralist origins” (cf. Genesis 46:6). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn67" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref67" name="_edn67" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[67]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> A
synchronism was noted here – in that both the invasion of Assyria by Ham and
Typhon together with the march of Mizraim’s troops through <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region> and then Assyria and then <st1:country-region w:st="on">Turkey</st1:country-region> occurred
chronologically very close. This would suggest Mizraim was in the same area at
the same time as his farther Ham, and leads us to the story about Ham’s
castration by his son which is normally attributed (wrongly) to Noah.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn68" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref68" name="_edn68" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[68]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This 9
year journey comes from Manetho’s account of the Twelfth Dynasty in <st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place>.
Ammanemes was probably Mizraim and Sesostris was Lehabim or Hercules. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn69" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref69" name="_edn69" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[69]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> For
more recent evidence of this tribe of women warriors, see: Ascherson, N.
(2007). <st1:place w:st="on">Black Sea</st1:place>: The Birthplace of
Civilisation and Barbarism. <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>:
Vintage Books. pp. 111-124.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn70" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref70" name="_edn70" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[70]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
Poem of Solon</div>
</div>
<div id="edn71" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref71" name="_edn71" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[71]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Fragment of Sanchoniathon in Cory and Hodges (2003:11). Atlas is also described
as the High King of Atlantis in the Poem of Solon. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn72" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref72" name="_edn72" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[72]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Fragment of Sanchoniathon in Cory and Hodges (2003:12). These flints can still
be found in Mezorah of Morocco.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn73" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref73" name="_edn73" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[73]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Herodotus ‘The Histories’ 1:7 mentions king Agron (also called Argon) the
Lydian who was the “son of Ninus, the grandson of Belus, the great grandson of
Alcaeus (the son of Hercules)”. Clearly this has been corrupted. It should be
read that Argon (Arius) was the son of Ninyas, who was himself the grandson of
Jupiter Belus yet also the <i>grandfather</i>
of Balanaeus (Alcaeus) the son of Hercules (Lehabim) through Argon’s daughter.
This is clear from the king list provided by Berosus and Eusebius and the
chronology of international events deciphered. As Herodotus notes, exactly 22
generations follow on from this Agron or Argon, ending with Candaules the son
of Myrsus (who was clearly king Mithraeus in the king list of Eusebius).
Candaules was usurped by Gyges – another descendant of Lehabim (Hercules) –
leading to the dynasty of the Mermnads. This dynasty continued after Gyges: Ardys II, Sadyattes, Alyattes II and Croesus (Kroisos) - who was defeated by the Persians under Cyrus the Great.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn74" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref74" name="_edn74" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[74]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Fragment of Sanchoniathon in Cory and Hodges (2003:15). “Kronus, having laid an
ambuscade for his father Ouranos in a certain place in the middle of the earth,
and having gotten him into his hands, cuts off his private parts near fountains
and rivers. There Ouranos was consecrated [deified], and his spirit was
separated, and the blood of his private parts dropped into the fountains and
the waters of the rivers; and the place is shewn even to this day.” These days,
the large blocks of the Turkish stone monument at Eflatun Pinar, meaning <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">"lilac-coloured
spring", are believed to be Hittite in origin, although it was once known
as Plato’s Spring (see James, 1995, pg. 199). It is strongly reminiscent of
Sanchoniathon’s description of Ham’s execution place. Sanchoniathon also notes:
“But when Kronus came to man’s estate, by the advice and assistance of Hermes
Trismegistus, who was his secretary, he opposed his father Ouranos, avenging
his mother [G</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ē</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">]”. Isaac
Newton also records how in the records of the Cretans: “Saturn was expelled his
Kingdom and castrated by his son Jupiter.” Gascoigne (2002, pg. 59) notes “The
Greeks also say: “She [Gaia i.e. Rhea the bitter wife] provided Kronus with the
adamantine sickle and he castrated him.”</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn75" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref75" name="_edn75" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[75]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) and <st1:city w:st="on">Newton</st1:city>’s ‘Chronology of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Ancient</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Kingdom</st1:placetype></st1:place>’s Amended’.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn76" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref76" name="_edn76" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[76]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601).</div>
</div>
<div id="edn77" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref77" name="_edn77" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[77]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
name Curetes comes from a fragment of Euemerus recorded in Eusebius and
contained in Cory and Hodges (2003:173). There, ‘the Curetes’ are described as
‘Priests of Jupiter in the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">island</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Crete</st1:placename></st1:place>, and of the
goddess Cybeles – Noah’s wife. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn78" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref78" name="_edn78" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[78]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
name Tanais stems from king Targitaus (Tanais) of Scythia, apparently the son
of Mizraim (Scythian: Zeus) who took a daughter of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Borysthenes</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">River</st1:placetype></st1:place>
as his concubine. “…they say altogether, from their first king Targitaus until
the invasion of Darius roughly a thousand years passed” (Herodotus, <i>The Histories</i>, Book 4, 5., pp. 236-237).
This date agrees with the time which I have placed Mizraim in Tanais from other
sources. Targitaus, the first Egyptian king of <st1:place w:st="on">Scythia</st1:place>,
must then have ended his reign in Tanais roughly 1450BC. This is corroborated
by Justin (Marcus Justinus) in Book 1 of his <i>Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus</i>, English Trans.
John Selby Watson (1853), where “Sesostris” and “Tanaus” are princes who
engaged in ancient wars before the time of Ninus. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn79" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref79" name="_edn79" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[79]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
Araxes (today Aras) river which constitutes the border between <st1:country-region w:st="on">Turkey</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Armenia</st1:country-region>,
Azerbaijani and <st1:place w:st="on">Iran</st1:place>
was probably named after this Queen Araxa. Incidently, the Norwegian scientist,
Thor Heyrdahl, believed that the Nordic and Anglo-Saxon peoples came from the
area of Caucasus – not far from the <st1:state w:st="on">Ark</st1:state>
landing site. Heyrdahl followed the Islandic historian Snorre Sturlason
(AD1200) and discovered that Odin’s heavenly castle Asgaard was actually the
Russian town of <st1:city w:st="on">Asov</st1:city>, where the river Don flows
into the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Sea</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Asov</st1:placename></st1:place>. The Semitic ruler (according to
Walter Monington in the Great Chartulary of Glastonbury, MSS Wood, Bodleian
Library, Oxford), whose name was Woden (Wodden, UUoden, Voden, UUothen, Othin)
was the chief of the Aesir (‘fire worshippers’) who had a castle in Asov before
the Romans caused them to flee for Sweden in 60BC. The As-ov, As-gaard (in
Danish) or As-gorod (in Russian) was the castle of the Aesir. As evidence, Heyrdahl noted that ancient metal belt
holders, rings and armbands from AD 100-200 found near the mouth of the Don
River were almost identical to Viking equivalents found in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Sweden</st1:country-region> some 800
years later. Many place names in Snorre’s sagas, such as Tanais, matched the
ancient Greek names for places around the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Sea</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Asov</st1:placename></st1:place>.
The Odin-people or Udin people, now found in the Caucasus Mountains of
Azerbaidjan, stayed behind when the others escaped north (Nissen, 2004). For
more fascinating information on the Anglo-Saxons, see Cooper (1995). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn80" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref80" name="_edn80" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[80]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Hoeh
(1969) in his <i>Compendium of World History</i>
Volume 2, Chapter II, mentions Araxa as the daughter of king Gampar. She is
said to have married Libys the son of Oryz (clearly names of Lehabim and Osyris
or Mizraim). Herodotus (The Histories, Book 4, 20-22) mentions that the Kingdom
of the ‘Royal Scythians’ (who regard all other Scythians as their slaves) was
centred near Lake Maeetis (a former name for the Sea of Asov). This agrees with
Lynche, who records that Queen Araxa and Tuscus, the wife and son of Lehabim,
had their royal residence in Tanais near the mouth of the River Don. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn81" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref81" name="_edn81" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[81]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> By this
time, Mizraim and his wife Isis were particularly skilled in agriculture (which
they first began in <st1:place w:st="on">Lower Egypt</st1:place> according to
Lynche). Also noteworthy is the fact that Tanais, their previous habitation
before <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>,
was a centre of wine production and vine growing - established by Noah himself.
The <st1:placename w:st="on">Apennine</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Mountains</st1:placetype>
of peninsular <st1:country-region w:st="on">Italy</st1:country-region>
are apparently named after King Apis. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn82" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref82" name="_edn82" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[82]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) speaks of Dardanus founding <st1:place w:st="on">Troy</st1:place>
and Laomedon later fortifying it with two large walls (c.f. James, 1991 - who notes that these two walls have now been found!). Priam
probably added to Laomedon’s great work under his rule (establishing what is
known as Troy VII). It is certainly possible that there was more than one
destruction of <st1:place w:st="on">Troy</st1:place>.
The first may have been under Hercules the Grecian in the 12th Century and the second under
Agamemnon in the 9th Century, with other less famous wars a distinct possibility.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn83" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref83" name="_edn83" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[83]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) and Hoeh (1969) recount this Betus son of Tagus Orma (who is the
Togarmah of Genesis 10:3, a son of Gomer. <st1:country-region w:st="on">Italy</st1:country-region>
– the house of Togarmah – traded in Italian horses with the sea-port city of <st1:city w:st="on">Tyre</st1:city> c.f. Ezekiel 27:14).
</div>
</div>
<div id="edn84" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref84" name="_edn84" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[84]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Giovanni Nanni who was the controversial source used by Lynche, is believed to
have found evidential remains of Mizraim’s habitation in this city (which was
his native city in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Italy</st1:country-region>).
The evidence was alleged by some later critics to have been planted in the
ground and Nanni was considered a fraudulent disgrace (see endnote 10). This
author holds no strong position on this sordid dispute, but has presented a
brief defence in the endnote cited above.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn85" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref85" name="_edn85" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[85]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) but also see Gascoigne (2002:81-84) for a description of these first
kings of Samothea. Hoeh (1967) also lists these kings, but he assigns B.C.
dates to them which are inconsistent with the wider international chronology of
events. Dating many of these kings was extremely difficult, therefore only some
have dates associated. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn86" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref86" name="_edn86" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[86]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) recounts that Gerion reigned until the 28<sup>th</sup> year of Belochus
the 10<sup>th</sup> king of <st1:place w:st="on">Babylon</st1:place>
(which he numbers from Nimrod the ‘Saturn’ of the Empire rather than from
Noah). John (1994:47) recounts that in Chaldean his name meant ‘stranger’,
while in Greek he was called Chryseos and in Latin Aureus – because of the
great treasure he accumulated. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn87" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref87" name="_edn87" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[87]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601) notes that Tagus Orma gave his name to the river Tagus in <st1:place w:st="on">Spain</st1:place>,
in which large heaps of gold rich sands were found.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn88" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref88" name="_edn88" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[88]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> John (1994:63) writes: “Jerónimo Pujades <i>(1568-1635),
</i>professor of canon law at the University of Barcelona, provided further
support for this theory in his <i>Coronica universal del principal de
Cathalunya </i>(1609). There was an inscription, he noted, near the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">church</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">S. Jaime</st1:placename></st1:place> which read: "BARCINO AB
HERCULE CONDITA". See Figure 5. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn89" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref89" name="_edn89" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[89]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Of the
24<sup>th</sup> Dynasty of Egypt according to Manetho in Cory and Hodges
(2003). Accordingly, in his reign a miracle was said to have occurred, in that
“a sheep spoke”. This is most probably a derogatory reference to the Israelite
Prince Moses standing before Pharaoh. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn90" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref90" name="_edn90" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[90]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Clayton
(1753:124) states that Nanni’s Berosus places the Exodus in the reign of
Ascatades of Babylon, 794 years after the Flood. According to Lynche and
Nanni’s 2317BC Flood date, this would be approx. 1523BC, and accordingly Nanni
places Isius and Dardanus and the 16<sup>th</sup> king of Spain at the time of
the Exodus which he seems to have reckoned corresponded to their lifetimes. Perhaps it did. I believe, based on the death of Hercules in 1354BC and his 5<sup>th</sup>
successor being Isius, that Isius and Dardanus must have had very long lifespans of approx 250 years. This would makes sense because they were the 8th generation from Ham. Abraham was the 10th generation from Shem, and lived to 175 years old. Terah his father (9th gen.) lived over 200 years. Nevertheless, the king of <st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city> at the time of
the Exodus (1533BC) was actually Belochus the 13<sup>th</sup> king of <st1:place w:st="on">Assyria</st1:place> from Noah, not Ascatades the 21<sup>st</sup>. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn91" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref91" name="_edn91" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[91]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Polemo
(extracted from Africanus, as quoted by Eusebius) in Cory and Hodges (2003:146)
notes: ‘that in the reign of Apis, the son of Phoroneus, a part of the Egyptian
army deserted from Egypt, and took up their habitation in that part of Syria
which is called Palestine, not far from Arabia.’ Mizraim (Apis, Jupiter Ammon)
don’t forget, perished in an assassination in 1469BC. Furthermore, Tacitus (The
Histories, Book 5) states: “<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Others
assert that in the reign of Isis the overflowing population of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region>, led by
Hierosolymus and Judas, discharged itself into the neighbouring countries… Most
writers, however, agree in stating that once Egypt was over-run by a pestilential
disease, contaminating living bodies, and very foul to behold; Bocchoris
[Boccharis] the king, applying for a Remedy to the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon, was
ordered to purge his Kingdom, and to remove, into another country, that
Generation of Men, so detested by the Deities.” (Tacitus extracted from Clayton
(1753:132)). Jupiter Ammon was clearly the High King - Mizraim (inhabiting <st1:city w:st="on">Argos</st1:city> in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Greece</st1:place></st1:country-region>)
and Boccharis was a petty king or ‘pharaoh’ under his rule at the time. Isis
was also reigning as the wife of Jupiter Ammon, yet we are not sure where –
probably <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Thebes</st1:place></st1:city>.
</span>Mount Sinai (incidently) can be located in Arabia (Galatians 4:25) and
is today called <i>Jabal al Lawz</i> in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Saudi Arabia</st1:country-region>
(Blum, 1998). The Golden Calf makes a whole lot more sense when we consider the
Apis bulls were venerated gods of the Egyptians at that time. Stone carvings of
bulls have been found on the natural stone altar below <i>Jabal al Lawz</i>. Furthermore, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Cush</st1:country-region>
was the <st1:placetype w:st="on">land</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Saudi
Arabia</st1:placename> (Numbers 12:1 should read Cushite woman not Ethiopian
because Zipporah the daughter of Jethro the Priest of Midian was from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Saudi Arabia</st1:country-region> or <st1:country-region w:st="on">Cush</st1:country-region>). <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn92" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref92" name="_edn92" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[92]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Josephus calls the city of <st1:city w:st="on">Avaris</st1:city> by the name of
<st1:place w:st="on">Saba</st1:place> – probably named after this king Sabacon.
It was later conquered and inhabited again by a league of Israelites together
with Egyptian outcasts. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn93" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref93" name="_edn93" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[93]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lynche
(1601).</div>
</div>
<div id="edn94" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref94" name="_edn94" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[94]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Mizraim
was Menes the Thinite of the ‘First Dynasty’ who Manetho records ‘perished by a
wound received from a hippopotamus’. Other sources such as Plutarch suggest a
crocodile killed him. Since Manetho’s list of Dynasties was actually understood
correctly by Eusebius to be various lists of near contemporary rulers (perhaps
of each Egyptian Nome in some cases) Mizraim was also recorded as Ammanemes of
the ‘Twelfth Dynasty’ who was ‘slain by his eunuchs’; and both Misphragmuthosis
and Armesses or Armais of the ‘Eighteenth Dynasty’. This can only be true if
the longevity of Mizraim (and thus the authenticity of the Genesis account of
history) is taken as given. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn95" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref95" name="_edn95" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[95]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Eudoxus
of Cnidus (408BC – 347BC), according to Isaac <st1:city w:st="on">Newton</st1:city>’s ‘The Chronology of the Ancient
Kingdoms Amended’, recorded that Bacchus was slain by Typhon. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn96" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref96" name="_edn96" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[96]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> See
Anon (1841). History of the Egyptians: From Rollin, and other authentic
sources, both ancient and modern. <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>:
The Religious Tract Society. [WWW] http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3wwGAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA49&ots=9teA-8Oggv&dq=Bocchoris%2C%20Tnephachthus&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=true</div>
</div>
<div id="edn97" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref97" name="_edn97" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[97]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> For
more information on the Labyrinth and these 12 halls, see: [WWW] http://www.labyrinthofegypt.com/
(Accessed on 20/01/12). Shuckford (1824:113) recounts that after Mizraim’s
death <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> was divided into
three by his three sons Ananim king of <st1:city w:st="on">Tanis</st1:city>,
Naphtuhim king of Naph (<st1:city w:st="on">Memphis</st1:city>) and Pathrusim
king of Pathros (<st1:city w:st="on">Thebes</st1:city>).
These three may have been among the twelve. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn98" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref98" name="_edn98" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[98]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> See
Gascoigne (2002:129) where the work of Viktor Rydberg’s <i>Teutonic Mythology</i> is summarised. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn99" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref99" name="_edn99" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[99]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> From
Josephus against Apion, extracted from Cory and Hodges (2003:134-135). David
Rohl (1995:271) corroborates this with archaeology saying: “Bietak notes that
the early Asiatics [found in Avaris] were highly ‘Egyptianised’. The later
Asiatics, whom I shall subsequently identify with the Hyksos invaders…were very
different. According to Bietak the tombs of this group were ‘purely
Canaanite…and showed little Egyptian influence’ – in other words newcomers from
the <st1:place w:st="on">Levant</st1:place>.” </div>
</div>
<div id="edn100" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref100" name="_edn100" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[100]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
detail is found in Josephus who wrote in his <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>: ‘As for the rest, Ludieim, and Enemim, and
Labim, who alone inhabited in Libya, and called the country from himself,
Nedim, and Phethrosim, and Chesloim, and Cepthorim, we know nothing of them
besides their names; for the Ethiopic war, which we shall describe hereafter,
was the cause that those cities were overthrown.’</div>
</div>
<div id="edn101" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref101" name="_edn101" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[101]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> For
more detail of this historic battle on the <st1:place w:st="on">Rhine</st1:place>
from Holinshed’s Chronicles, see Gascoigne (2002:87). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn102" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref102" name="_edn102" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[102]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Tuscus
was called for this coronation ceremony (approx. 1415BC) from Lehabim’s (i.e.
Odin’s) Tanais or Asov (Asgaard) in modern day <st1:place w:st="on">Russia</st1:place>, where his mother Queen
Araxa (Aruru, Ninhurshag) clearly had her palace of residence. The line of
Italian kings continued: 1. Altheus 2. Blascon 3. Camboblascon (Coribantus of
Italy not France - whom Morges the son of Ophren relinquished the throne to as
a sign of remorse). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn103" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref103" name="_edn103" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[103]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Aubet
(1993:154) notes: “On the coins from <st1:city w:st="on">Tyre</st1:city> [found
in <st1:place w:st="on">Spain</st1:place>],
Melqart appears as a sea god, mounted on a hippocampus” [Ed: a chimera of horse
and fish]. … “Phoenician trade in the west, then, began under the aegis of
Melqart, that is to say of the king of <st1:place w:st="on">Tyre</st1:place>”.
</div>
</div>
<div id="edn104" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref104" name="_edn104" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[104]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> After
Hesperus (Isius, Jasius) was killed by Ophren (Dardanus) his younger brother,
Tyrrhenus the son of Lehabim travelled from Western Anatolia to <st1:place w:st="on">Italy</st1:place>
to form the Etruscans under 12 provinces. There was also an interregnum of some
time before Allobrox was made king of <st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region>
and <st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place>.
Then followed in Samothea: 1. Romus (Romanessos?), 2. <st1:place w:st="on">Paris</st1:place>, 3. Lemanus, 4. Olbius, 5. Galates II,
6. Nannes, 7. Remis, 8. Francus, 9. Pictus and 10. Brutus or Brute (who is
believed by some to have arrived in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Britain</st1:country-region>
around 1127 BC to found Trojovinium or New Troy – aka <st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place>). From Ophren (Dardanus) the line of
Trojan kings continued: 1. Erichthonius, 2. Trous, 3. Assaracus, 4. Anchises,
5. Aeneas (Dardans - who fled from burning Troy, killed Turnus king of the
Rutulians and married Lavinia daughter of Latinus in Italy), 6. Silvius and 7.
Brutus who invaded <st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place>. In my scheme, and the New Chronology of James and Rohl this would place Brutus around 820 BC. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn105" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref105" name="_edn105" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[105]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Attested by Sallust, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><i>Bell</i></st1:city></st1:place><i>. Jug</i>. 1:8, 3 and Mela 3:46 together
with Egyptian archaeological iconography just recently found in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region>. See
endnote 106. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn106" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref106" name="_edn106" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[106]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
Ophren (Iardanus) had a daughter called Omphale who married Lehabim and gave
him a son – Athus the Great.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn107" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref107" name="_edn107" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[107]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> An
ancient, uniquely Egyptian symbol of holy metallurgy, plus a stone depiction of
Hercules’ circular <st1:placetype w:st="on">island</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Mezorah</st1:placename> near Lixus (together with Hercules standing
next to it) has been found by Spanish archaeologists in Cancho Roano, 250 km
from the coast of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region>.
The market of ancient Tarsessos (biblical Tarshish) has also been found in the
old <st1:city w:st="on">Huelva</st1:city>
harbour area on this coast. See TV production: ‘Finding Atlantis’ (2011) by
National Geographic. Cf. Figure 3. Many other ancient Spanish artefacts prove
beyond doubt that the Spanish buried a famous warrior within a grand circular
tomb on an island. For instance, see: The Solana de Cabanas Stele.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn108" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref108" name="_edn108" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[108]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Aubet
(2001:153) notes: “Some authors have hinted at a direct link between the two
pillars of the temple in Tyre and the Pillars of Hercules at the other end of
the Phoenician world in the city of Gadir (Arrian 2:17, 1-4).”</div>
</div>
<div id="edn109" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref109" name="_edn109" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[109]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ophren
usurped the throne from Hesperus (Hespanus) and gave a daughter called Electra
(Roma) to Coritus (Corybantus) in marriage. He then fled to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Turkey</st1:country-region> and founded Dardania (<st1:city w:st="on">Troy</st1:city> I) under the oversight of Xanthos
(Scarmander). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn110" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref110" name="_edn110" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[110]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
information is confirmed by Idjennaden (The Kings of Mauretania – Kindle
Edition) where he notes: “Another tradition, reported by Sallust, who took it
from the books of the Numidian king Hiempsal, says that the Medes (from Media,
a country north from Persia), the Armenians and the Persians, all belonging to
the army that Hercules led to Spain, had moved in Africa after the death of
this hero. The first two peoples would have mixed with the Lybians living on
the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, while the Persians settled farther west,
near the <st1:place w:st="on">Atlantic Ocean</st1:place>. The peoples resulting
from the merger with the autochthonous people resulted in the ancestors of the
Numidians for the first group, and in the Maures for the second. The tradition
of Hercules in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Iberia</st1:country-region>
leading a large army made of different nations, would be a myth behind which
there is a truth: the installation of many Phoenician colonies in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region> led by a
Melqart, a god worshipped by the Phoenicians and who is the counterpart of the
Greek god Hercules.” If this were true, it would explain why Pharaoh Shishak
had such a large multi-national army when he invaded <st1:city w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:city> (1 Kings 14:25). </div>
</div>
<div id="edn111" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
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“Agamemnon’s sceptre was made by Vulcan, and by Vulcan given to Jupiter, by
Jupiter to Mercury, by Mercury to Pelops, by Pelops to Atreus, by Atreus to
Thyestes, and by Thyestes to Agamemnon” (Shuckford, (1824:302)).</div>
</div>
<div id="edn112" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref112" name="_edn112" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[112]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> See
Cooper (1995:84-85) and Gascoigne (2002: 126-130). Woden fled from Asgaard to <st1:place w:st="on">Sweden</st1:place>
when the Romans invaded and hence arose the Anglo-Saxon line. </div>
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Eusebius writes: “Sardanapallus… became the final king of the Assyrians. He
surpassed all his predecessors in luxurious living and laziness. After a bit
[Diodorus] informs that [Sardanapallus] was so dissolute that not only did he
ruin his own life, but he wreaked the entire Assyrian state which had endured
from time immemorial. Now it happened that there was a certain Arbaces of
Median nationality, a virtuous stout-hearted man who was a general of the Medes
who were sent each year to Ninus' city. In the course of his military duties,
he became friendly with the commander-in-chief of the Median army, who
beseeched him to overthrow the Assyrian government. This is what Diodorus
relates in book two of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Historical
Library.” Indeed, Arbaces the Mede, destroyed the power of the Assyrians and
transferred rule to the Medes. Under his rule, keeper of the <st1:placename w:st="on">Royal</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Gardens</st1:placetype>
(Belesius) intermarries and rules in <st1:city w:st="on">Babylon</st1:city> as
a petty king or satrap - building the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Hanging</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Gardens</st1:placetype></st1:place>
for his Hammitic wife Attosa. Some of the succeeding Kings of the Medes after
Arbaces are named by Cephalion (in Eusebius) as: Maudaces, Sosarmus
(974-952BC), Artycas, Deioces (811-771BC), Phraortes (658-637BC), Cyaxares
(585-543BC) and Ashdahak (Astyages, Assuerus, Ahasuerus of Dan. 9:1), the
latter being contemporary with both Cyrus I King of Persia and Acraganes
(Saracus) of Babylon who was betrayed by his rebellious usurper general Thonos
Concolerus (Narbopalassar). Is there any biblical confirmation for this
revision of the Median Empire? Yes there is. Isaac Newton wrote that: “After
the days of Nimrod, we hear no more of an Assyrian Empire ‘till the days of
Pul”. Given what we have discovered since <st1:city w:st="on">Newton</st1:city>’s
wrote these words, his statement no longer holds water. There were many kings
before Pul. In fact, Nehemiah 9:32 states regarding the Jews: “Now therefore
our God, - let not all the trouble seem little before thee that hath come upon
us, on our Kings, on our Princes, and on our Priests, and on our Prophets, and
on our fathers, and on all thy people, since the time of the Kings of Assyria,
unto this day”. By the context of this passage, it is clear that the trouble
that Nehemiah is referring to began in the time of their fathers who were given
the promised land i.e. Judges (1140BC)
when the Hamitic Assyrian kings failed in the reign of dissolute king Sardanapallus, not 400 years
later with the rise of the Assyrian king Pul (Tiglath-Pileser III) in the 6<sup>th</sup>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">C.</st1:city> <st1:state w:st="on">BC</st1:state></st1:place>.
It is not the rise of the kings of Assyria that this verse refers to at all, it
is the end of their ancient rule from Nimrod (the mighty hunter) until
Sardanapallus – some 1300 years that this verse speaks of, as many reliable
ancient historians clearly also corroborate. </div>
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<div id="edn114" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/James/Desktop/AncientHistory/History_Article_2.doc#_ednref114" name="_edn114" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[114]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Today,
traditional Protestant history is considered little more than ancient
euhemeristic mythography (reducing pagan mythology to ‘distorted echoes’ of
Hebrew truths and belittling pagan gods as mortal men). The modern alternative
to Nanni, i.e. cuneiform studies and ‘deep history’, suggest that the oldest
pottery in the world (to date) has a radiometric age of 12,700BC (Rudgley,
1999). This dates, in most biblical chronologies, to roughly 6,426 years <i>older</i> than the very inception of cosmic
time itself! Human pottery existing ‘before the beginning of the universe’ is
nothing short of farcical. It belongs in a Douglas Adams novel. Yet this is
where secular humanism has inevitably led historical scholarship, because
nothing in history makes sense, except in the light of creation and the
Judeo-Christian <i>Tanakh</i> (Old
Testament). Cuneiform tablets are enormously useful for answering certain
biogeographical questions, yet their value in establishing an absolute
chronology is presently rather limited.</div>
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Burgess (2004:125) writes: “Evolutionists have made great efforts to find
evidence of such gradual development of technology but with no success…. There
are claims of simple weapons like spears and axes being older than 10,000 years
but the origin and age of these is very debatable…. If man had evolved, there
would have been very intelligent people around for a period of more than
100.000 years because intelligence would not have changed significantly over
such a period…. If man had been around for the last 100,000 years, there would
have been people with the ability of <st1:city w:st="on">Newton</st1:city>
living in virtually every generation. To propose that there was a period of at
least 100,000 years where very intelligent people did not make any significant
inventions is absurd in the extreme.”<br />
<br />
<img src="file:///C:/Users/James/Documents/My%20Timelines/test_files/test.jpg" /></div>
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The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5421957598740833778.post-49915791516477509332011-01-24T14:42:00.001-08:002011-01-26T15:04:29.706-08:00The (correct) Structure and Form of Genesis One<p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#bbe0e3,#333399,#009999,#99cc00"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span><div shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O"> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0); "><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >A while ago I was reading an obscure book called 'Principia: or the Three Octaves of Creation' by Alfred Kennion (1890) and it struck me that he was on to something. In describing the historical cosmogony of our world in just 144 hours, the structure and literary form of Genesis one are <i>perfect</i>. This God-breathed, historic account of cosmogony contains divine words (commands), divine works (and it was so, and God made etc.) and divine seals (and God saw that it was good). Pondering this pattern, it struck me that there were nine 'words' and seven 'seals' in the creation account. The whole pattern was like a strange-loop octave.</span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >Now, it is common to present Genesis one according to the schemata of 'six days', and the literary framework hypothesis does just that - suggesting that days 1-3 parallel days 3-6. When studied carefully, this hypothesis is found to be incorrect. To better understand the symmetric order of the chapter, the chiastic (X-shaped, ring shaped, concentric) pattern should rather revolve around God Himself - and the Royal words, works and seals of this Trinitarian, God-centred, covenantal account which He has graciously provided us:</span></b></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0); "><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0); "><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><span><b>A<span class="Apple-style-span"> (-1(0) 1)</span></b></span><b> ‘Let there be light’ </b><b><span class="Apple-style-span">(Wave-particles, quantum strangeness)</span></b></span></div> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i> </i></b><span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 204); "><b><i>(0 (1) 2)</i></b></span><b><i> ‘</i></b><b><i><u>Let there be an expansion</u></i></b><b><i>…’</i></b><b> </b><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "><b>(Space without light-bearers)</b></span></span></div> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b> </b><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0); "><b>(1 (2) 3)</b></span><b> ‘Let the waters be gathered…and…dry appear’ </b><span class="Apple-style-span"><span><b>(Three earth spheres</b></span><span><b>) </b></span></span></span></div> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b> </b><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0); "><b>(2 (3) 4)</b></span><b> ‘Let the earth vegetate with vegetation…’ </b><span><b>(Two 0D-sessile baramins)</b></span><b><span style="mso-tab-count:1;width:1.63%"> </span> </b></span></div> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b></b><span><b>B<span class="Apple-style-span"> (3 (4) 5)</span></b></span><b> ‘Let there be light-bearers in the expansion…’ </b><span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 255); "><b>(Space complete)</b></span></span></div> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b> </b><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0); "><b>(4 (5) 6)</b></span><b> ‘Let the waters swarm forth swarms’ </b><b><span class="Apple-style-span">(Two 3D-locomotory baramins</span><span class="Apple-style-span">) </span></b></span></div> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b> </b><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0); "><b>(5 (6) 7)</b></span><b> ‘Let the earth swarm forth swarms’ </b><span><b>(Three 2D-locomotory baramins) </b></span></span></div> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i> </i></b><span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 204); "><b><i>(6 (7) 8)</i></b></span><b><i> ‘</i></b><b><i><u>Let us make Man in our image</u></i></b><b><i>…’ </i></b><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "><b>(Man without temple covenant</b></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "><b>) </b></span></span></div> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><span><b>A'<span class="Apple-style-span"> (7 (8) 9)</span></b></span><b> ‘Observe, I have given you…’ </b><span><b>(Covenant of works)</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 255); "><b> </b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 255); "><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >The mid-point of this A-B-A structure is here seen to be the light-bearers - for signs, seasons, days and lights in space, upon the Earth. This mid-point also contains a smaller chiasm. </span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >Tune in later to find out what this symmetry implies for the structure and form of the cosmos itself...</span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></b></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "></div></div></p:colorscheme><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="PowerPoint.Show.8" shapeid="_x0000_i1025" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1357414230"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->The Absent-Minded Avatarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08956236288292106809noreply@blogger.com0